Advanced Pathophysiology Test Preparation Questions and Answers

Glycoproteins surface markers called antigens, they identify cells as a part of the individuals own tissues Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol Sodium-Potassium pump The plasma membrane is more soluble to potassium and less soluble to sodium. This makes it easier to sodium to be retained while potassium leaks out of the cells. The pump uses ATP to constantly move these two ions across the plasma membrane. This is called active transport For ever three sodium ions pumped out of the cell two potassium ions are pumped in. In the heart this pump gets calcium out of the internal environment of the heart muscle which relaxes it. * In dysfunction sodium does not adequately leave the cell which draws in water causing cellular swelling Mitochondria Converts organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic metabolism Also called glycolosis, it is done outside the mitochondria. Glucose is used to create energy in this scenario. This produces significantly less cellular energy, only yielding 2 ATP and pyruvic acid. In cellular hypoxia pyruvic acid in converted to lactic acid which is noxious to cells causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such as acidosis. Aerobic metabolism Requires oxygen and provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function (34 ATP). Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes such as lipases, proteases, and lysozyme. These enzymes degrade ingested foreign substances and cellular debris. When a cell dies the lysosome releases digestive enzymes to destroy the cell parts in a process called autolysis.