HESI MILESTONE EXAM 1…2023

1.Which of the following is a common side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSA-IDs)? a) Hypertension. b) Constipation. c) Gastric irritation and ulcers. d) Increased appetite. 2.The nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which intervention is essential to promote effective breathing? a) Encouraging deep breathing exercises. b) Administering defibrillators as needed. c) Elevating the head of the bed. d) Providing supplemental oxygen. 3.A client with type 2 diabetes mellifluous is prescribed metformin. What is the primary action of metformin? a) Stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. b) Increasing glucose production by the liver. c) Reducing hepatic glucose production and enhancing insulin sensitivity. d) Enhancing glucose uptake by muscle cells. 4.The nurse is assessing a client with heart failure. Which symptom is indicative of left-sided heart failure? a) Peripheral edema. b) Jugular vein distention. c) Crackles in the lungs. d) Ascites. 5.A client is admitted with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI). Which laboratory test is most specific for diagnosing an MI? a) Troponin. b) Creatine kinase (CK). c) Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). d) Myoglobin. 6. The nurse is caring for a client with a closed head injury. Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention? a) Dilated pupils. b) Unequal pupil size. c) Clear fluid draining from the nose or ears. d) Mild headache. 7. Which of the following is a common side effect of anticoagulant therapy (e.g., heparin, warfarin)? a) Hypertension. b) Hyperkalemia. c) Increased risk of bleeding. d) Elevated blood glucose levels. 8. The nurse is caring for a client with cirrhosis. What dietary modification is essential for managing hepatic encephalopathy? a) High-protein diet. b) Low-carbohydrate diet. c) Low-protein diet. d) High-fat diet. 9.Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? a) Hypo-tension. b) Weight gain. c) Sexual dysfunction. d) Increased appetite. 10.The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected peptic ulcer. Which symptom is characteristic of a duodenal ulcer? a) Epigastric pain worsened by eating. b) Nausea and vomiting. c) Pain relieved by eating. d) Hematemesis. 11. The nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which intervention is essential to promote effective breathing? a) Encouraging deep breathing exercises. b) Administering defibrillators as needed. c) Elevating the head of the bed. d) Providing supplemental oxygen. 12.A client with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed metformin. What is the primary action of metformin? a) Stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. b) Increasing glucose production by the liver. c) Reducing hepatic glucose production and enhancing insulin sensitivity. d) Enhancing glucose uptake by muscle cells. 13.The nurse is assessing a client with heart failure. Which symptom is indicative of left-sided heart failure? a) Peripheral edema. b) Jugular vein distention. c) Crackles in the lungs. d) Ascites. 14.A client is admitted with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI). Which laboratory test is most specific for diagnosing an MI? a) Troponin. b) Creatine kinase (CK). c) Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). d) Myoglobin. 15. The nurse is caring for a client with a closed head injury. Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention? a) Dilated pupils. b) Unequal pupil size. c) Clear fluid draining from the nose or ears. d) Mild headache. 16. Which of the following is a common side effect of anticoagulant therapy (e.g., heparin, warfarin)? a) Hypertension. b) Hyperkalemia. c) Increased risk of bleeding. d) Elevated blood glucose levels. 17. The nurse is caring for a client with cirrhosis. What dietary modification is essential for managing hepatic encephalopathy? a) High-protein diet. b) Low-carbohydrate diet. c) Low-protein diet. d) High-fat diet. 18. Which of the following is a common side effect of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? a) Hypo-tension. b) Weight gain. c) Sexual dysfunction. d) Increased appetite. 19. The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected peptic ulcer. Which symptom is characteristic of a duodenal ulcer? a) Epigastric pain worsened by eating. b) Nausea and vomiting. c) Pain relieved by eating. d) Hematemesis. 20.What is the primary function of the gallbladder? a) Producing bile. b) Storing bile. c) Concentrating and storing bile. d) Regulating bile secretion. 21. Which information should the nurse have when assessing a client for therapeutic effects of a prescribed medication? a) The client’s previous experience with medication. b) The client’s baseline before taking the medication. c) Expected side effects of the medication. d) Expected response of the medication. 22. The nurse is teaching a client about the medication treatment for active tuberculosis (TB) infection. What information should be included in the teaching? a) “At least 2 anti-tuberculosis medications will need to be taken.” b) “You will most likely develop a super infection from the anti tuberculosis medications.” c) “Treatment is necessary for just 10 days.” d) “Drug sensitivity is not necessary before starting treatment.” 23. What is the basic mechanism of action of most diuretic medications? a) Increasing the thirst sensation to promote more water intake by the client. b) Causing vasodilation and increasing blood supply to the kidneys. c) Blocking sodium and chloride re absorption. d) Increasing potassium excretion by removing water from the cells. 24. The nurse is administering prescribed tetracycline. Which client would be appropriate to receive the medication? a) A female client who is pregnant and has a skin infection. b) A 6-year-old client with an ear infection. c) A teenager with severe acne on the back. d) A 12-month-old with an eye infection. 25. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used to treat which diagnosis? a) Hypotension. b) Heart failure. c) Stroke. d) Atrial fibrillation. 26.What is the primary function of the gallbladder? a) Producing bile. b) Storing bile. c) Concentrating and storing bile. d) Regulating bile secretion. 27. Which of the following is a common symptom of hypothyroidism? a) Weight loss. b) Heat intolerance. c) Fatigue. d) Increased appetite. 28. A client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prescribed a low-protein diet. What is the rationale behind this dietary restriction? a) To prevent hyperkalemia. b) To reduce fluid retention. c) To minimize urea production. d) To maintain normal blood glucose levels. 29.What is the primary function of the respiratory system? a) Maintaining electrolyte balance. b) Regulating blood pressure. c) Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide). d) Producing hormones. 30. Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics? a) Hypertension. b) Diarrhea. c) Respiratory depression. d) Increased appetite.