PSU PLSC 14 Exam 2 - Piazza Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

Three General Areas of Focus - Answer-International Policy Economy (IPE), International Organizations (IO), and Conflict/International Security Conflict - Answer-War, violence, or threat of war or violence Security - Answer-Process by which actors seek to protect themselves from war/violence Carl Von Clausewitz () - Answer-A Prussian general and military theorist, wrote "On War". Believed that war was the continuation of politics by other means, that wars have political causes, and are used by leaders to achieve political success. He was the first to use the concept of absolute, or "total" war. Interstate Wars - Answer-Wars between two or more countries/states. Examples include World War I, World War II, 1991 Gulf War, 2003 Iraq War Intrastate Wars - Answer-Wars within states that involve non state actors. These are also called civil wars. Examples include US Civil War, Sudanese Civil War, Syrian Civil War Extrastate Wars - Answer-Wars involving combinations of states and non state actors, usually in external territory. Examples include the US fight against al-Qaeda, and the US fight against ISIS in Iran and Syria Trends in Wars - Answer-More deadly, increase in limited war (between states), rise in intrastate war and global terrorism, rise of non-trinitarian war, decrease over time in wars between "great powers". Non-Trinitarian War - Answer-Wars in which roles and participation of government, military, and civilian populations are blurred Era of Great Power Wars - Answer-From , includes wars between superpowers Era of Limited Wars - Answer-From , includes cold wars and wars by proxyEra of Civil Wars - Answer-From , triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism. Characterized by rise of conflict based upon ethnic and religious identity. Era of Unconventional War - Answer-2001-present, triggered by 9/11 attacks. Characterized by global war on terrorism. Unconventional Wars - Answer-Involve non state actors and unconventional tactics, such as guerilla attacks, terrorism, subversion, sabotage, and WMDs. Realist Perspective on War Causes - Answer-Disruption of balance of power Liberalist Perspective on War Causes - Answer-Barriers to cooperation War Causes in Modern Era - Answer-Territorial disputes, political disputes, separatist or irredentist disputes, nation state creation/independence/decolonization, contests over resources, predation, security alliances, humanitarian intervention Predation - Answer-Effort to eliminate another state for territorial or identity reasons Strategies for Using Force to Gain Security - Answer-Deterrence, defense, preemption and prevention, compellence. Tools for Gaining Security - Answer-Security/Defense Alliances, agreements. Deterrence - Answer-Persuading a potential enemy not to attack by threatening retaliation. Can be direct (discourage attacks against state), indirect (discourage attacks against allies and friends), immediate (against active, named potential attacker), or general (against unnamed potential attackers in an insecure environment). Examples include Athens and Sparta before the Peloponnesian War and the US and Soviet Union under Mutually Assured Destruction Defense - Answer-Deploying and using military force to protect oneself, ward off an attack, and/or minimize damage from an attack Preemption - Answer-Use of military force to strike a potential enemy when attack is imminent. Example: Israel (1967) Six Day War