RN MedSurg Final Review (Answered)
Complete Verified Solution
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current
needs of the cells.
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete
obstruction of the artery
signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease
Intermittent claudication, pain at rest, tightening pressure in calves or buttocks, and
ischemic changes. BP in the effected extremity is lower. Pallor with elevation, rubor
when dependent.
Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD)
damage, defects or blockage in the veins that carry blood from the hands and feet to the
heart
signs and symptoms of peripheral venous disease
- ruddy, cyanotic, brownish pigmentation
- edema usually present, better with elevation
- normal nails
- normal pulses
- warm
- moist at bony ankle
Ted hose, compression stockings, anti-embolic hose
special stocking used to help prevent swelling and blood clots and to aid circulation (aka
elastic or compression stockings)
Plavix (clopidogrel)
Antiplatelet
Buerger's disease
A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are
constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being
gangrene and amputation.
Raynaud's disease
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold
or stress
high cholesterol
Hyperlipidemia (HLD)
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
respiratory acidosis
A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting
accumulation of Co2.
respiratory alkalosis
Arise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease
in CO2.
,metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
metabolic acidosis
decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism
S/S of metabolic acidosis
Changing leves of consciousness, ranging from fatigue, & confusion to stupor & coma,
headache, vomiting & diarrhea, anorexia, muscle weakness & cardiac dysrhythmias.
S/S of metabolic alkalosis
observe LOC
decreased K levels
muscle cramps and life threatening arrhythmias
S/S of respiratory acidosis
Headache
Restlessness
Mental status changes, such as drowsiness and confusion
Visual disturbances
Diaphoresis
Cyanosis as the hypoxia becomes more acute
Hyperkalemia
Rapid, irregular pulse
Dysrhythmias leading to ventricular fibrillation
S/S of respiratory alkalosis
lightheaded, faint, peri-oral numbness, numbness and tingling in fingers and toes
acid-base balance
equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids
cardon dioxide
Product of metabolism
Cells
bicarbonate buffer system
CO2 (g)+ H2O(l)↔H2 CO3 (aq)↔H+ (aq)+HCO3- (aq)
-Blowing off CO2 (hyperventilation) decreases levels of CO2 which causes reaction to
shift left consuming H+ and reducing H+ in the blood making pH less acidic
-mechanism that deals w/ acidemia (excess H+ in blood)
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath
S/S of COPD
-Dyspnea
-SOB
-Clubbing of finger nails
-Barrel chest
-Cough
-Crackles and wheezing
-Low O2 sat
-shallow respirations
, -Orthopnea
-Pale, ashen skin color
Treatment for COPD
Low flow oxygen
Aerosolized bronchodilators
Bronchial hygiene as indicated
Inhaled corticosteroids
Antibiotics of indicated by sputum culture
referral to smoking cessation program (nicotine replacement therapy)
Pulmonary rehabilitation, proper nutrition and fluid intake
Consider NPPV for acute exacerbations of ventilatory failure
bronchodilator
a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
Prednisone
Corticosteroid
Albuterol
Bronchodilator
COPD treatment
COPD TREATMENT
● Immunizations
● Antibiotics
● Bronchodialators
● Corticosteroids - Oral and Inhaled
● Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
● Oxygen Therapy - Low flow rate:
Normally, CO2 stimulates breathing b/c it initiates Hypoxic Drive.
Chronic COPD patients have chronic elevated carbon dioxide levels. They "retrain" their
bodies to breath when they are low in oxygen. High rate flow may actually stop
breathing. This will increase PaC02 leading to somulence and respiratory failure.
COPD oxygen therapy
hypoxemia relief
lower levels of oxygen
chronic hypercarbia
COPD goals
Prevention of disease progression
Ability to perform ADLs
Relief from symptoms
No complications related to COPD
Knowledge and ability to implement long-term regimen
Overall improved quality of life
COPD diet
soft, high-calorie, low-carbohydrate, high-fat, small frequent feedings
Emphysema
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing
breathlessness.
chronic bronchitis
Complete Verified Solution
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current
needs of the cells.
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete
obstruction of the artery
signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease
Intermittent claudication, pain at rest, tightening pressure in calves or buttocks, and
ischemic changes. BP in the effected extremity is lower. Pallor with elevation, rubor
when dependent.
Peripheral Venous Disease (PVD)
damage, defects or blockage in the veins that carry blood from the hands and feet to the
heart
signs and symptoms of peripheral venous disease
- ruddy, cyanotic, brownish pigmentation
- edema usually present, better with elevation
- normal nails
- normal pulses
- warm
- moist at bony ankle
Ted hose, compression stockings, anti-embolic hose
special stocking used to help prevent swelling and blood clots and to aid circulation (aka
elastic or compression stockings)
Plavix (clopidogrel)
Antiplatelet
Buerger's disease
A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are
constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being
gangrene and amputation.
Raynaud's disease
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold
or stress
high cholesterol
Hyperlipidemia (HLD)
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
respiratory acidosis
A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting
accumulation of Co2.
respiratory alkalosis
Arise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease
in CO2.
,metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
metabolic acidosis
decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism
S/S of metabolic acidosis
Changing leves of consciousness, ranging from fatigue, & confusion to stupor & coma,
headache, vomiting & diarrhea, anorexia, muscle weakness & cardiac dysrhythmias.
S/S of metabolic alkalosis
observe LOC
decreased K levels
muscle cramps and life threatening arrhythmias
S/S of respiratory acidosis
Headache
Restlessness
Mental status changes, such as drowsiness and confusion
Visual disturbances
Diaphoresis
Cyanosis as the hypoxia becomes more acute
Hyperkalemia
Rapid, irregular pulse
Dysrhythmias leading to ventricular fibrillation
S/S of respiratory alkalosis
lightheaded, faint, peri-oral numbness, numbness and tingling in fingers and toes
acid-base balance
equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids
cardon dioxide
Product of metabolism
Cells
bicarbonate buffer system
CO2 (g)+ H2O(l)↔H2 CO3 (aq)↔H+ (aq)+HCO3- (aq)
-Blowing off CO2 (hyperventilation) decreases levels of CO2 which causes reaction to
shift left consuming H+ and reducing H+ in the blood making pH less acidic
-mechanism that deals w/ acidemia (excess H+ in blood)
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath
S/S of COPD
-Dyspnea
-SOB
-Clubbing of finger nails
-Barrel chest
-Cough
-Crackles and wheezing
-Low O2 sat
-shallow respirations
, -Orthopnea
-Pale, ashen skin color
Treatment for COPD
Low flow oxygen
Aerosolized bronchodilators
Bronchial hygiene as indicated
Inhaled corticosteroids
Antibiotics of indicated by sputum culture
referral to smoking cessation program (nicotine replacement therapy)
Pulmonary rehabilitation, proper nutrition and fluid intake
Consider NPPV for acute exacerbations of ventilatory failure
bronchodilator
a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
Prednisone
Corticosteroid
Albuterol
Bronchodilator
COPD treatment
COPD TREATMENT
● Immunizations
● Antibiotics
● Bronchodialators
● Corticosteroids - Oral and Inhaled
● Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
● Oxygen Therapy - Low flow rate:
Normally, CO2 stimulates breathing b/c it initiates Hypoxic Drive.
Chronic COPD patients have chronic elevated carbon dioxide levels. They "retrain" their
bodies to breath when they are low in oxygen. High rate flow may actually stop
breathing. This will increase PaC02 leading to somulence and respiratory failure.
COPD oxygen therapy
hypoxemia relief
lower levels of oxygen
chronic hypercarbia
COPD goals
Prevention of disease progression
Ability to perform ADLs
Relief from symptoms
No complications related to COPD
Knowledge and ability to implement long-term regimen
Overall improved quality of life
COPD diet
soft, high-calorie, low-carbohydrate, high-fat, small frequent feedings
Emphysema
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing
breathlessness.
chronic bronchitis
