PSY 240 FINAL EXAM (UOFT) LATEST UPDATE ALREADY PASSED

PSY 240 FINAL EXAM (UOFT) LATEST UPDATE ALREADY PASSED Psychopathology symptoms that cause mental, emotional, and/or physical pain abnormality Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or interferes with their ability to function in daily life. Culture and Gender and diagnoses culture and gender can influence: 1. the ways people express symptoms 2. People's willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors or feelings 3. the types of treatments deemed acceptable or helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors The Four D's of Abnormality dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness dysfuntion interferes in one's life distress causing individuals pain deviance outside cultural or social norm dangerousness harm to selves or others Biological Theories of abnormal behavior abnormal behavior similar to physical diseases Supernatural Theories Abnormal behaviour as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin Psychological Theories Mental disorders as caused by psychological processes (beliefs, thinking styles, coping styles) Ancient Theories Prehistoric people had a concept of insanity most likely rooted in supernatural beliefs Trephination An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. psychic epidemics phenomena in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin mental hygiene movement Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment. moral treatment type of treatment delivered in mental hospitals in which patients were treated with respect and dignity and were encouraged to exercise self-control general paresis disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; discovery of this disease helped establish a connection between biological diseases and mental disorders mesmerism treatment for hysterical patients based on the idea that magnetic fluids in the patients' bodies are affected by the magnetic forces of other people and objects; the patients' magnetic forces are thought to be realigned by the practitioner through his or her own magnetic force Ivan Pavlov developed methods and theories for understanding behavior in terms of stimuli and responses rather than in terms of the internal workings of the unconscious mind classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Behaviorism study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior Patient's Rights Movement Movement to ensure