Psychology 1 Exam Review Case study Updated#2

Psychology - correct answer the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Applied Psychology - correct answer Practical application of the findings of research psychologists. Research Psychology - correct answer The study of the origin, cause, or result of certain behavior. Biopsychological Approach - correct answer An approach that focuses on biological, chemical, and hormonal factors. Behavioral Approach - correct answer Focuses on learning. Developed by B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson. Humanistic Approach - correct answer Focuses on reaching one's full potential. States that humans are basically good and we determine our own destiny. Carl Rogers is the best known humanist. Psychoanalytic Approach - correct answer Focuses on childhood and unconscious processes. Founded by Sigmund Freud. States that aggresive and sexual impulses that we develop during childhood are hidden in the unconscious. Cognitive Approach - correct answer Focuses on thought processes. States that rational thought can influence behavior and that the most important human ability is to take in information and process it. Sociocultural Approach - correct answer Focuses on cultural, ethnic, racial, and religious factors. Eclecticism - correct answer Combining different theories. Scientific Method - correct answer A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized. Hypothesis - correct answer An assumption about behavior. Dependent Variable - correct answer The variable that is measured in an experiment. Independent Variable - correct answer The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Naturalistic Observation - correct answer Behavior studied in natural environment without subjects knowing. Case Study - correct answer Research method that involves an intensive investigationof one or more participants. Survey - correct answer Research method in which data is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions. Longitudinal Study - correct answer Research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development. Cross-Sectional Study - correct answer Research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age. Wilhelm Wundt - correct answer Considered the "Father of Psychology". Created the first lab for psychological research. Developed the process of introspection. William James - correct answer One of the founders of American psychology, he thought that human consciousness should be studied as a whole; a theory known as Structuralism. Sigmund Freud - correct answer The "Father of Psychoanalysis. he developed one of the first comprehensive theories of personality. Believed that behavior is determined by unconscious forces that are rooted in childhood experiences. Ivan Pavlov - correct answer Russian scientist credited with discovering classical conditioning (learned through involuntary associations); "Pavlov's Dogs" John B. Watson - correct answer One of the first behaviorists, he stressed the role of learning in human behavior. Focused specifically on child rearing. B.F. Skinner - correct answer Famous behaviorist who believed that we are controlled by the environment. Believed that psychologists should only study what can be observed. Carl Rogers - correct answer Famous humanist who emphasized the power of the human spirit and stressed free will. Albert Bandura - correct answer Pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play. Intelligence - correct answer The ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test - correct answer An adaptation of Binet's test by Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman, this was for many years the standard for intelligence tests in the U.S. Formula For IQ - correct answer Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100 Mental Retardation - correct answer Below average intellectual functioning that prevents a person from being able to perform at the level appropriate for his or her age. Borderline Mental Retardation - correct answer IQ score of 70-79. Slow learners, not legally considered retarded. Mild Mental Retardation - correct answer IQ score of 52-69. Most people leagally considered retarded fall into this category. Moderate Mental Retardation - correct answer IQ score of 36-51. Fully grown, most have the skills of a 4 to 7 year old. Severe Mental Retardation - correct answer IQ score of 20-35. Require constant supervision, most cannot benefit from school. Profound Mental Retardation - correct answer IQ score of 19 or below. 1% fall in this category, limited communication. Gifted - correct answer The 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above. 2.6% of the population falls in this category. Cultural Bias - correct answer An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group. Projective Test - correct answer Test taker projects his/her innermost self onto the stimulus provided. Aptitude Test - correct answer Measures specific skills;helps judge one's likelihood to succeed at a particular activity. Good validity and reliability, but limited. Personality - correct answer The consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person. Psychoanalysis - correct answer Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Unconcious - correct answer The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors. Id - correct answer The part of the unconscious that contains basic instincts. Ego - correct answer The part of the personality that is in touch with reality. Superego - correct answer The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counter-acts the socially undesirable impulses of the id. Oral Stage - correct answer Infants seek and obtain pleasure through their mouths (nursing). Anal Stage - correct answer In this stage, an infant's pleasure is centered on functions of elimination (potty training). Phallic Stage - correct answer Young children begin to discover their genitals and the differences between boys and girls. Latency Stage - correct answer Children focus on the outside world and learning new wxperiences instead of their sexual desires. Genital Stage - correct answer Expressions of adult sexuality.Sexual desires come back to the forefront and individuals begin to establish relationships. Collective Unconscious - correct answer The part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people. Introversion - correct answer Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation. Extraversion - correct answer Dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people. Ambiversion - correct answer A personality trait inluding the qualities of both introversion and extroversion.