Psychology Chapters 1-14 Question Fully Solved.

psychology -correct answer The scientific study of mind and behavior. data -correct answer Any information collected through formal observation or measurement. hindsight bias -correct answer The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict. scientific method -correct answer The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research. levels of explanation -correct answer The perspectives that are used to understand behavior. individual differences -correct answer The variations among people on physical or psychological dimensions. structuralism -correct answer Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or "structures" of psychological experience functionalism -correct answer Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess psychodyamic -correct answer Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior behaviorism -correct answer Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself cognitive -correct answer The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments social-cultural -correct answer The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behavior heritability -correct answer The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics. nature vs nurture -correct answer Are genes or environment most influential in determining the behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people? free will vs determinism -correct answer This question concerns the extent to which people have control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in? accuracy vs inaccuracy -correct answer To what extent are humans good information processors? conscious vs unconscious -correct answer To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not aware of? differences vs similarities -correct answer To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are we different? plato and aristotle -correct answer Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate. introspection -correct answer A method of learning about psychological processes in which research participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks. evolutionary psychology -correct answer A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior. fitness -correct answer The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic. psychodynamic psychology -correct answer An approach to understanding human behavior that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. social norms -correct answer The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and are perceived by them as appropriate. culture -correct answer A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and other moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region. biopsychology and neuroscience -correct answer This field examines the physiological bases of behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior. clinical and counseling psychology -correct answer These are the largest fields of psychology. The focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders. developmental psychology -correct answer These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan. forensic psychology -correct answer Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system. health psychology -correct answer Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and the social situation influence health and illness. industrial- organizational and environmental psychology -correct answer Applies psychology to the workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees. personality psychology -correct answer These psychologists study people and the differences among them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of individuals, and to focus on individual differences. school and educational psychology -correct answer This field studies how people learn in school, the effectiveness of school programs, and the psychology of teaching. social and cross-cultural psychology -correct answer This field examines people's interactions with other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and person perception sports psychology -correct answer This field studies the psychological aspects of sports behavior. The goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in sports, including the role of exercise and team interactions. basic research -correct answer Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior. applied research -correct answer Research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems. empirical -correct answer Based on systematic collection and analysis of data. objective -correct answer Free from the personal bias or emotions of the scientist laws -correct answer Principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry. theory -correct answer An integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry.