A Level Psychology Exam Questions and Answers 2024

A Level Psychology Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) - Answer-Abnormal behavior is seen as vivid and unpredictable, causes observer discomfort and violates moral or ideal standards because it differs from most other people's behavior and standards. Part of the "Deviation from Social Norms" definition of abnormality. Szasz (1960) - Answer-Another supporter of the "Deviation from Social Norms" definition of abnormality. Argues that abnormality, especially relating to certain mental disorders, is a socially constructed concept. This construction then allows for labeling of psychological patients. Szasz is also a big critic of the classification system utilized in diagnosis of mental disorders, based on the ethical implications associated with labeling. Jahoda (1958) - Answer-Part of the "deviation from ideal mental health" definition of abnormality. Describes several characteristics that mentally healthy people should possess, such as the ability to introspect, integration and balance of personality, self- actualization, autonomy, ability to cope with stress and see the world as it really is, and environmental mastery. However, even "sane" people do not achieve all of these characteristics. Maslow - Answer-Argues that very few people actually achieve self-actualization. Heather (1976) - Answer-Criticizes the medical model of abnormality. Represents this model's assumption that there is always and underlying biological cause for psychological disorders. Suggests that the basis of defining abnormality is often governed by social and moral considerations rather than biological. Psychoanalytic Approach to Abnormality - Answer-Popularized by Freud. Notion of normality is a balance between id impulses, the conscience of the ego, and the values of the superego. Abnormality is the result of thwarted id impulses, repression of traumatic events, or unresolved unconscious conflicts. The difference between the "normal" and "abnormal" is in degree of expression of abnormal tendencies. Utilizes directive therapy. Behavioral Approach to Abnormality - Answer-Behaviorism centers around the belief that all behavior is resulting from learned causes. Processes of learning include classical conditioning and reinforcement. A notion of normality centers around a "learning history" (i.e. a network of behavioral causes within an individual) that has provided an adequately large selection of adaptive responses (i.e. good/normal behavior). Important behaviorists included Pavlov, Watson, and B. F. Skinner. Utilizes directive therapy. Cognitive Approach to Abnormality - Answer-You are normal if: you're cognitive thought processes are rational and properly functioning and sufficiently used to accurately perceive the world and control behavior. Basically, you're normal if you can think soundly. You ain't right if: you have unrealistic, distorted, or irrational understanding and thoughts about the self, others, or the environment. Also cannot use conscious thought processes to sufficiently dictate actions. Involves semi-directive therapy. Humanistic Approach to Abnormality - Answer-You're normal if: you have a positive self- regard, the ability to self-actualize, healthy interpersonal relationships, and responsibility and control over life. You ain't right if: oh wait, no. Humanists believe that everyone is special and unique and rejects psychological labels, for they view them as "stigmatizing." However, humanists recognize "problems with living" that often result from interpersonal relationships, and undesirable environmental circumstances. Involves non-directive therapy. Nomothetic - Answer-Refers to a debate in psychology. This branch, as opposed to idiographic, involves the studying of similarities between individuals and generalization. Idiographic - Answer-Refers to a debate in psychology. This branch, as opposed to nomothetic, recognizes individual differences more and proposes that psychologists/psychiatrists should treat and/or study people with regards to the subject/patient's own background and personality, isolated from the phenomena observed in others. Statistical Infrequency - Answer-A definition of abnormality that states that a behavior is abnormal if it is statistically infrequent. Imagine a bell curve. This definition is lacking in that there is subjectivity in defining the degree of infrequency for one to be considered "abnormal." Other criticisms are that some disorders are not statistically infrequent, that infrequency does not designate desirability, and that depending on the sample used for statistical comparison, there may be cultural/regional discrepancies. Deviation from Social Norms - Answer-Social norms can be defined as generally accepted rules governing society. They are established through perception and the formation of social complexes within individuals. Examples include wearing clothes, and not acting "crazy." This definition of abnormality considers one abnormal if they violate these accepted standards. This definition is very subjective. For example, depression may be perceived as normal in certain circumstances