Civil Air Patrol Billy Mitchell Leadership Test chapters 1-8 Latest 2024 Update with complete solution

Civil Air Patrol Billy Mitchell Leadership Test chapters 1-8 Latest 2024 Update with complete solution Describe the purpose of a résumé. A résumé briefly documents your work history and gives you the opportunity to show what makes you qualified for a job. Explain why America needs leadership . People will look to you to get things done. Your advice will be sought after from people who are faced with tough problems. Your self-confidence will not only help you succeed, it will energize the people around you Explain what a "warrior" is in the context of the "warrior spirit." The warrior spirit is a condition of the heart. Describe the hallmarks of the "warrior spirit." The Air Force describes it as tough-mindedness and tireless motivation. A warrior is someone whose strong character enables them to make sacrifices for the team and achieve their long-term goals. Warriors defend something valuable - their personal honor Identify three benefits of having a warrior spirit Clear Conscience, Good Reputation, Environment of Trust and Respect. Describe what "core values" are. The Core Values are the four basic qualities CAP expects all members to display at all times: Integrity First, Volunteer Service, Excellence in All We Do, and Respect Integrity First The willingness to do what is right, even when no one is looking. Volunteer Service Is about "selflessness" It's the difference between "giving" and "taking". Excellence in All We Do. No matter what challenge is facing you, you will give it your best effort Respect. Someone who is respectful treats others as they would like to be treated Describe the concept of self-awareness To know how well you are living up to the ideals of the Core Values requires self-awareness (the ability to monitor & judge your own actions). Genuine self-awareness requires incredible honesty. Describe the concept of self-discipline and explain what you can do to develop it. Self-discipline can be defined as the ability to direct your thoughts, emotions, and actions toward a meaningful purpose. Cadets learn self-discipline on the drill field and by wearing their uniform to exacting standards. Other ways to increase self-discipline include strengthening your work habits - on a regular basis, try to do something that is necessary but not "fun." Describe the concept of attitude and explain why attitudes are contagious. The state of mind that lies behind your every action is called attitude. All attitudes, good and bad, are contagious. Describe what you can do to develop a positive attitude. A positive attitude begins in the realization that attitude is a choice - you can choose to be positive, or you can choose to be negative Why must leaders be accountable? Everyone must answer for their actions, regardless of their rank. Even the president is accountable to the American people. Explain what an oath is. An oath is a solemn promise. Recite the Cadet Oath from memory I pledge that I will serve faithfully in the Civil Air Patrol Cadet Program, and that I will attend meetings regularly, participate actively in unit activities, obey my officers, wear my uniform properly, and advance my education and training rapidly to prepare myself to be of service to my community, state, and nation. "I pledge that I will serve faithfully in the Civil Air Patrol Cadet Program ..." Being faithful means being true and doing what you say you will do. "... and that I will attend meetings regularly, ..." While you may need to miss a few meetings once in a while due to other commitments, you pledge to attend squadron meetings on a regular basis "... participate actively in unit activities, ..." You promise to be enthusiastic about what cadets do. "... obey my officers, ..." Here you acknowledge you don't have all the answers. You realize there are people who have more experience than you, and you'll follow their guidance. "... wear my uniform properly ..." There is a right way and a wrong way to wear the uniform. Recognizing this, you promise to represent CAP and the US Air Force well by always looking sharp in uniform. "... and advance my education and training rapidly ..." The word "cadet" can be defined as "a young person in training to become a leader." Therefore, a cadet's primary job is to learn how to lead "... to prepare myself to be of service to my community, state, and nation." CAP is a volunteer organization whose main purpose is community service. Everything we do is altruistic, meaning that it is for the benefit of others, not ourselves personally. Identify what is the root of all military customs and courtesies. All military customs and courtesies are rooted in basic politeness and respect. What are customs and courtesies? They are small, but important expressions of politeness and mutual respect. Explain why rendering customs and courtesies is not a mark of inferiority. Military customs and courtesies are never a mark of inferiority or servility. Saluting or coming to attention for an officer is not a form of humiliation, but of pride Describe how customs and courtesies affect team spirit. Cadets strengthen their self-discipline and maintain a positive attitude by habitually and cheerfully rendering customs and courtesies. Describe the origins of the salute. The salute, for example, has its origin in another time, when kings ruled, knights wore armor, and courtly manners flourished. It was the age of chivalry Outline basic rules for rendering a salute. - When in uniform, cadets salute military officers, CAP senior members, and cadet officers higher in rank than themselves. - Salutes are normally exchanged only outdoors. Indoors, salute officers only when formally reporting. - The junior person initiates the salute a fair distance from the senior person such that the senior has time to return the salute. - Offer a greeting such as, "Good morning, ma'am," when exchanging salutes. - When in formation, do not salute; the commander salutes for you. - When in doubt, salute. Anyone may render a salute at any time if they believe one is warranted. Outline basic rules for coming to attention. - It is customary for cadets to come to the position of attention when being addressed by an officer. - If an officer who is higher ranking than anyone present enters a room, the first person to notice commands, "Room, ATTENTION." - In a classroom or work environment, these customs are usually relaxed. Describe the position of honor. - The right is the position of honor. This stems from antiquity when warriors carried swords, usually on their right side. - When walking with another cadet or an officer, it is customary for the junior person to walk on the left. How would you address a C/CMSgt? "Chief" How would you address any cadet from C/SSgt-C/SMSgt? "Sergeant" How would you address a Cadet Officer? "Sir" or "Ma'am" How would you address a Senior Member? "Sir" or "Ma'am" How would you report to an officer? - First, check your uniform. Look sharp when reporting. - Approach the officer's door, knock twice, and wait for permission to enter. - Proceed toward the officer and halt 2 paces from them or their desk. - Salute and say, "Sir, Cadet (Last Name) reporting as ordered." - Wait for the officer to return your salute. - Remain at attention, unless instructed otherwise, as you conduct your business with the officer. - When the meeting is over, the officer will say, "Dismissed." - Come to attention (if not already), and take one step backward. - Salute and wait for the officer to return the salute. - Perform an about face, and exit the area. To report to an officer outdoors, follow the steps above, except: - You will normally be wearing your cover (hat). - There will be no door for you to knock on; simply proceed toward the officer, halt 2 paces in front of them, salute, and report as explained above. What is the proper way to introduce somebody? - When making an introduction, the junior person is introduced to the senior. For example, "Captain Jones, this is Airman Smith. Airman Smith, meet Captain Jones." - Likewise, people who lack a formal title or position of responsibility are introduced to those who do. - Of course, it is polite to offer a firm handshake when making someone's acquaintance. Describe what usefulness the uniform has as a leadership training tool. The uniform is a vehicle for learning self-discipline, personal responsibility, and self-respect Explain why the concept of image is important when wearing the uniform. For good or bad, one person's conduct reflects on everyone else in the group. Defend the idea that wearing the uniform is a privilege. Wearing the uniform is a privilege, not a right. Because CAP is the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary and cadets wear an Air Force-style uniform, there is a special obligation to wear it properly and with pride. Explain why drill and ceremonies helps cadets develop leadership skills. A unit's performance on the drill field is a measure of the cadets' sense of self-discipline What is the best way to learn drill? One step at a time Explain what a chain of command is. The chain of command is the order of authority. Describe ways in which a chain of command promotes teamwork While teamwork is important, the chain of command is based on the belief that final responsibility for getting a job done ought to be assigned to a single individual. Describe what "jumping the chain" means and why it is to be avoided. Likewise, "jumping the chain" is to be avoided. This occurs when an individual takes an issue to a high-level leader, without consulting their immediate superiors. Therefore, another benefit of having a chain of command is that it re-enforces the idea that everyone is accountable to another leader. When does the chain of command function best? The chain functions best when people resolve issues at the lowest possible level Define the term self-management. The process of directing and controlling your actions so that you can achieve your goals in life. Defend the idea that good leaders need to develop self-management skills. If you have good self-management skills, you take ownership of the goals you set for yourself, the decisions you make, how you use your time, and how you control stress in your life. Describe the concept of a "future picture." "Future picture," a clear and compelling description of what you want your life to look like at some point in the future. What is a goal? A goal is simply a dream with a deadline. Outline the steps used in the goal setting process. 1. Dream big. 2. Identify a specific goal and write it down 3. List the steps needed to reach the goal. 4. Get help and support from others 5. Work toward your goal, one step at a time. 6. Reward yourself along the way and when you complete your goal. Describe benefits of setting personal goals. Goals give you a sense of mission, a rudder, a meaningful purpose. Defend the idea that leaders should follow a process as they make decisions. Good leaders follow a decision-making process. If you were to bake a cake, you would follow a recipe. Forget an ingredient and your cake will come out wrong. Likewise, a decision-making process is useful because it helps ensure you won't overlook an important aspect of your problem. Identify and describe the 7 steps used in the ethical decision-making process. 1. Stop, think, and define the problem. - Before making a decision, stop and think. Define the problem and write it down. 2. Get the facts. As you gather and consider the "facts," be mindful of the difference between facts, opinions, and assumptions 3. Brainstorm and list your options. Brainstorming is a method of generating a large number of creative ideas. 4. Weigh your options. Consider how the decisions will affect stakeholders, people who have a stake in the solution. 5. Consider your values. Consider how your best solution relates to the Core Values, 6. Decide and act. But before you decide and act, pause if you can. 7. Re-evaluate the decision. Good leaders re-evaluate their decisions and change course if necessary. Define the term, "ethical trap" and explain why leaders need to avoid it. Leaders who make bad initial decisions often get caught in the "ethical trap." 10 That is, their solution to a problem turns out to be unethical, and as a result, a secondary ethical problem pops up. Now instead of having one problem, they have two. Defend the idea that good leaders motivate followers to live the Core Values. If a leader models the Core Values and shows a high degree of moral courage, the team will be inspired to follow the leader's positive example. Define the term, "time management." Time management—the process of organizing and using your time wisely Explain why time management is an important skill for leaders. As a young leader in training, you need to develop good time management skills for yourself now, before you take on the increased burden of managing other people's time as well. Describe what it means to be "efficient" in terms of managing your time. Efficiency is a broad term describing how well a leader is making use of their time and other resources. Describe ways leaders can become more efficient. Pay Attention, Come Prepared, Focus on Your Goals, Do it Right the First Time, Sequence the Work Efficiently, Maximize Up-time, and Limit Downtime, Define the term, "procrastination." The practice of putting off for no good reason a task that should be done right now Describe reasons why people procrastinate. • Fear of failure • Uncertainty about what they are supposed to do • Not knowing where to start • The task is unpleasant • Desire to work tasks that are more "fun" What should you do one you know that you procrastinate? Once you know you procrastinate, try to identify why you are avoiding the task. Describe ways to overcome procrastination. - Consider your peace of mind - Break the job into small pieces - Jump right in - Publicly commit to the work - Use rewards Describe tools useful in managing your time. - Keep a Calendar - Wear a Watch - Keep a Notepad. - Create "Do Lists." Efficiency experts believe that prioritized "do lists" are essential time management tools. - Make a Time Inventory. Once you know exactly how you are spending your time you can manage it better. - Allow for Flexibility and Fun. People are not machines. They have a genuine need for fun, spontaneity, and relaxation. Define the term "stress." Stress is the body's response to change. Describe how stress can be both positive and negative. If stress is left unchecked, it becomes a destructive force that will harm your body, paralyze your efforts, and drive you toward dangerous behaviors. . But stress is also designed to be a lifesaver. In a time of danger, stress gets your adrenaline going so you can move quickly to dodge a harmful threat. Define the term, "stressor." Anything that causes stress is called a stressor. Describe everyday occurrences that can produce stress. •Arguing with a friend • Moving to a new city • Being picked-on at school • Breaking up with a girlfriend or boyfriend • Being around a drug user • Being upset with your parents • Worrying about your personal appearance • Getting glasses or braces • Coping with the death of a pet, friend, or relative Explain why young people are more prone to stress than adults. Young people are more prone to stress than adults for several reasons. 19 First, just growing up and discovering who you are is stressful. Second, because young people lack the experience adults have amassed, they do not always realize that ups and downs are a normal part of life. Third, a teen's social world is less stable than an adult's. Define the term, "resilience." Resilience is the ability to bounce back and recover from adversity Describe each of the 7 steps used in managing stress. - Try to Resolve the Problem. People who try to fix their problems tend to be emotionally healthier. - Avoid Things That Bring You Down - Let Some Things Go - Exercise. Exercise is the most important part of a plan to manage stress - Relax. By practicing relaxation techniques, you can fool your body such that stress hormones stop firing and a relaxed feeling takes over. - Eat Well. Good nutrition is an important part of any healthy lifestyle. - Sleep Well. teens require 9 to 10 hours of sleep per night Describe the consequences of not being able to cope with stress in a positive way. People who lack coping skills lose their battles with stress. As a result, they are more apt to turn to drugs, believing that getting high will help them escape from stress, despite the obvious facts on how drugs ruin lives. Second, people who lack coping skills can find themselves in a pattern of failure. Stress affects their mood, which frustrates their ability to succeed in everyday life, and then those failures produce more stress. Why is it important for leaders to have coping skills? Coping skills are especially important for leaders. As a leader, your ability to exert self-control is always on display. If your team believes you cannot manage your own stress, they will lose faith in your ability to lead. Why do individuals form teams? They form teams in the hope that Together Everyone Achieves More. Define the term "team." A team is a collection of individuals who are committed to working together to achieve a common goal. Defend the idea that diversity makes a team stronger. Great teams use individuals' special skills to their advantage. One person's strength helps overcome another person's weakness. Explain how team members look to one another for leadership. By being so committed to working together, team members often look to one another-not just to their boss-for leadership. Describe why team spirit affects the team's ability to perform. A sense of team spirit is important because it builds trust, making team members eager to cooperate and not afraid of making compromises as they work together. Define the term "synergy." The idea that by working together they can achieve more than each individual could on their own Identify the 4 characteristics of good team players. - Self-Discipline. - Selflessness. - Enthusiasm. - Loyalty Explain why team members must possess self discipline Effective team members possess a self-discipline that makes them dependable. They have the discipline to follow directions. They come to the Defend the idea that teamwork requires sacrifice. Teamwork always requires sacrifice. A willingness to put the team's needs ahead of your own is the price of admission onto any great team. Explain why an team member's enthusiasm can affect the team. If one member of the team has a positive attitude, that sunny outlook will spread to the other members of the team. Enthusiasm is contagious. Discuss what the term "loyalty" means in the context of teamwork. A team member must be loyal - faithful to the people on the team, supportive of its leader, and committed to the team's mission Define the term "mentor." A mentor is a close, trusted, experienced advisor. Identify 5 ways that mentors help cadets. - Mentors Are Your Role Models. - Mentors Challenge You. - Mentors Are Your Friends. - Mentors Are Your Guides to CAP. - Mentors Are Your Tutors. Defend the idea that cadets can benefit from mentoring. A mentor does not formally grade you or tell you what to do, but they will offer feedback so you can improve your leadership skills. Describe what a person needs to do to become "mentor-ready." - First, you need to be eager to learn. - Second, mentoring works best if you are humble - Finally, you need to be ambitious What does humble mean? Free from pride and arrogance. Define "listening." It is the process of receiving, deciphering, and responding to spoken and non-verbal messages What is a leader who cannot communicate well? Useless What is the most neglected communication skill? Listening Compare listening to hearing. Listeners do not merely hear sounds, they focus on meaning. Identify reasons why people might not listen well. - Thinking about what to say next. Having one mouth and two ears, we should spend twice as much time listening as we do talking - Hearing what we expect to hear - Not paying attention - Being prejudiced What percentage of a leader's day is spent communicating? 70% Describe ways you can become an active listener. - Prepare. when the speaker's mouth opens, close yours and open your ears. - Adjust to the situation. Be aware of factors that affect your ability to concentrate and work to overcome them. - Focus on key points. . Listen to everything the speaker says, but focus on their key points - Pay attention to verbal & non-verbal cues. Their facial expressions and gestures (non-verbal cues) add meaning to the words they say. - Think in context. - Take notes. The purpose of note-taking is to summarize the speaker's main points, not to capture every word the speaker said. - Confirm the message. Respond to the speaker in a way that reflects your best understanding of their message. Identify the main goal of communications. The main goal of communications is not just to receive sounds (as in hearing), or to merely see words (as in reading), but to share meaning. Describe why feedback is important in the communications process. Feedback takes place when you return to the speaker a portion of the message they sent to you. Identify and describe 3 levels of questions. - Knowledge questions ask "What?" - Understanding questions ask "Why?" - Synthesis questions ask "How?" Defend the idea that leaders should be lifelong readers. "Man's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge." One of the best ways to gain knowledge and develop leadership skill is to read widely. Define the concept, "critical reading." Critical reading, the process of examining, analyzing and evaluating the writer's message Identify and describe the steps in the SQ3R method. 1. Survey. Before you actually read, pre-read or survey the text. Gather as much information about it as you can. 2. Question. Turn the title, chapter headings, and subheadings into questions. 3. Read. Successful readers read with a pencil in hand and annotate. 4. Recall. Once you finish reading, immediately try to recall what you have read. 5. Review. The review phase is when you look over your questions, annotations, notes, and the text itself to keep the learning fresh in your mind. State the Air Force's definition of leadership. The Air Force defines leadership as "the art and science of influencing and directing people to accomplish the assigned mission." "THE ART AND SCIENCE..." Leadership is an art because it requires imagination and creative skill. Leadership is also a science because it is an academic subject requiring careful study, observation, and experimentation. "... OF INFLUENCING AND DIRECTING PEOPLE..." A leader works with people. Leaders find a way to affect people, to get them to do something "...TO ACCOMPLISH THE ASSIGNED MISSION." The mission is the reason why the team exists. Among the leader's many responsibilities, accomplishing the mission is the most important. In broad terms, what can a mission be defined as? The team's long term goal. Identify three components most definitions of leadership have in common. Most experts include in their definition of "leadership" three components: the leader, the follower(s), and the goal What is the universal definition of leadership? There is no universally agreed upon definition for "leadership." Identify five assumptions about the American understanding of leadership - You don't need to be a commander to lead. - Leaders are made, not born. - Leaders are accountable. - Leaders are not bullies. - Leadership must be moral. Define culture. The attitudes, customs, and values of a civilization, these can influence how we approach leadership. What is American society built on? Democratic values. What does bad leadership imply? Bad leadership implies no leadership. What are tools that genuine leaders do not use? Threats, coercion, and extortion. Explain why leaders have to fill several roles Leaders communicate, teach, and inspire - sometimes all at once. A leader who is skilled in only one facet of leadership will struggle because the team needs more. Identify several roles leaders must play. The leader must be a visionary, communicator, a teacher, an expert, and a motivator. Why should cadets be visionary leaders? Cadets want to have a sense of ownership over their program. With that freedom comes the responsibility to provide visionary leadership. What is the pitfall of visionary leadership? Leaders not only need to envision the future, they must live in the real world. What is the everyday meaning of the phrase "to lead?" In the everyday sense of the word, "to lead" means to bring someone to a new place. What do visionary leaders do? Visionary leaders paint an inspiring future picture for the whole team. Why was Billy Mitchell a visionary leader? - Seventeen years before Pearl Harbor, he was warning that Japan could use carrier based airplanes to attack Hawaii - His vision called for creating an independent air force that would not be subject to the Army or Navy. What does a skillful leader know how to do? Issue a challenge. What are some forms of motivation? Motivation is more than just cheering, it comes in many forms: money, praise, a prestigious position, awards, special privileges, and more. How was John F. Kennedy a "leader as a motivator?" He challenged America by appealing to the nation in several ways. First, he cited the great accomplishments of earlier generations. Kennedy linked his moon challenge with our stature as a world power. Competition is another motivator. People want to win. Kennedy motivated by putting his presidency on the line. Most of all, Kennedy motivated by setting an audacious goal. How are cadets motivators? Cadets motivate one another all the time - during competitions, on obstacle courses, and whenever they try to build team spirit. What is the pitfall of strong motivational leader? Such a leader might inspire the team to follow them for the wrong reasons, or worse, motivate them to do something they know is wrong but find hard to resist Why is it important for a leader to excel at communication? A leader will want to take an idea in his or her mind and deposit it in the minds of others. What do good communicators do? They vary their message, doing whatever it takes to reach their audience. Good communicators are perceived to have orderly minds, which inspires confidence. Why is Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. considered an extraordinary communicator? His "I have a dream" speech is recognized as one of the greatest oratorical performances of all time. He projected optimism, confidence, a belief in America. By the time his chorus, "I have a dream today," comes around to be repeated 9 times, every one of the 200,000 people in the audience has found plenty to agree with. Why must cadets be communicators? Making complex ideas easy to understand is the work of a communicator. Why can communication only go so far in leadership? People judge leaders by their conduct, not their words. Why must a leader be an expert? Possessing expert knowledge helps a leader establish their credibility and win respect. Why is Jimmy Doolittle considered one of the ultimate examples of "a leader as an expert?" He devised a method for launching Army Air Force bombers from a Navy aircraft carrier. Doolittle's plan resulted in a daring raid on Tokyo. Why must cadets be experts? To be effective leaders, cadet officers and NCOs need to be experts in all aspects of cadet life. What is the pitfall of using expert power? Sometimes organizations promote people to positions of leadership based on their technical expertise alone. When that happens, the "Peter principle" is at work. The principle states, "In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." Why must leaders be teachers? Leaders teach their teams how to act and what to value. Why is Anne Sullivan considered an effective teacher? "Obedience," she wrote, "is the gateway through which knowledge, yes, and love, too, enter the mind of a child." Deep down, Sullivan knew that even blind children want to learn and contribute to society as much as anybody else. Because of Anne Sullivan's leadership, many Americans began to see that people with disabilities can live productive, successful lives. Why is it important for cadets to be teachers? With the responsibility to teach junior cadets comes the opportunity for experienced cadets to hone their leadership skills. What is the pitfall of a "leader as a teacher?" Leaders who are seen as having all the answers could inadvertently make the team dependent on them. State the definition of the great man theory. Great man theory professes that to study leadership, focus on the life stories of successful people. Describe some of the assumptions the theory holds about leadership, in your own words. Leadership, according to the great man theory, is an almost magical quality found only in a select few. , Leaders are presumed to be acquainted with the biographies of the great men. Leaders should look to the "great men" and simply ask why they were great. Describe why the great man theory fails to explain failure. If leaders are born, as the great man theory argues, why did Churchill fail spectacularly? What accounts for his return to leadership? Perhaps he learned from his failures and became stronger because of them. If that is the case, experience, education, and situation have a much greater impact on leadership than the great man theory acknowledges. What else does Great Man Theory fail to do? Great man theory does not explain how we determine who is a successful leader Describe why the theory may be guilty of hero worship. Historians are discovering unsettling facts about the lives of the great men. In the fairy tale understanding of leadership offered by the great man theory, our civilization would be great again if only a superhero appeared to guide us. Summarize the military's view about the great man theory. Air Force doctrine (the service's official beliefs) states that leadership is built from experience, education, and training Define trait theory. Trait theory explains leadership in terms of the personality and character of the leader. What did researchers find when they tried to find out what all leaders had in common? Each leader is unique in their personal qualities and in their approach to leading Explain why there is no consensus about which leadership traits are ideal. The major weakness in trait theory is that no one agrees which traits make a good leader Explain why no one set of traits can prepare a leader for every challenge. One of the major disservices of trait theory is its suggestion that a leader can command all situations with the same basic gifts. Explain why prejudice makes trait theory a problematic frame work for discussing leadership. When trait theory was taking shape in the late 1800s, society was organized differently. The inequalities of the day reinforced the idea that only certain people could lead. Explain why trait theory runs contrary to the idea that leaders are made, not born The conclusion is at odds with what we know about the power of determination and character. Why is it important to study different leadership theories? Simply by discovering how mysterious leadership can be, that it requires deep study and reflection, you have taken an important step in your development as a leader. When is flag day? June 14th When did Congress authorize the creation of the American flag? June 14, 1777. Discuss the history of the flag At first, a new star and a new stripe was added to the flag whenever a state joined the union. After the admission of Kentucky, the Congress voted to return to a design of thirteen stripes, adding only a new star for each new state. The current flag was introduced on July 4th, 1960, shortly after Hawaii became the 50th state. Discuss why the flag is an important national symbol. For many, it represents the best things about our people, our land, and our commitment to equality. What has Congress asked the American people to display the flag with? The Congress has asked Americans to display it with a special degree of respect To display the flag properly, what should you do? •Display the flag everyday, especially national holidays. • Public buildings, schools, and polling places are expected to display the flag. • Fly the flag from sunrise to sunset, or through the night if illuminated. • Do not fly the flag during bad weather. • Briskly hoist the flag up the flag pole, and lower it ceremoniously. • If marching in a group of flags, the U.S. flag belongs front and center of all other flags, or on the marching right. • If displaying in a group of flags, place the U.S. flag at the center and the highest point of the formation. • If displaying flat against a wall, the Union belongs in the uppermost corner and to the flag's own right, above and behind the speaker. • If displaying on a speaker's platform, the flag should be placed in advance of the audience and to the speaker's right. Any other flag could be placed to the speaker's left. • If displaying the flag at crossed staffs, the U.S. flag belongs on its own right, with its staff in front of the other. • If hoisting a flag out a window or balcony, send the Union out first. • If displaying the flag over the middle of a street, point the Union toward the north or east. • If the flag is to cover a casket, the Union belongs over the deceased's left shoulder. • If the flag is to fly at half-staff, first briskly hoist it to the peak, then lower in ceremoniously to half-staff. At the end of the day, briskly return the flag to the peak, before ceremoniously lowering it for the day What should you avoid when displaying the flag? • Do not allow the flag to touch the ground. • Do not use the flag in advertising. • Do not fly the flag upside down, except as a sign of distress. • Do not fly another flag above the U.S. flag. • Do not drape the flag over a parade float or a car. • Do not wear the flag as clothing. • Do not place words, logos, or pictures on the flag. • Do not fly a tattered or dirty flag; destroy worn flags in a dignified manner, usually by burning. Explain what "professionalism" is. Professionals must have a habit of putting the community's interest above their own. A professional is someone who has special skills. Professionals hold themselves and their peers to an ethical code. What is the everyday meaning of professionalism? In the everyday sense of the word, "a professional" is simply someone who is paid for their work. Defend the idea that leaders must be "professionals." Leaders, especially military officers and non-commissioned officers, believe they meet all three criteria. Therefore, they strive to lead by example and display that special quality called professionalism. Explain what a "standard" is. A standard is an established requirement, a principle by which something can be judged. Who's standard is the most important? The leader's. Discuss the challenge of transitioning from airman to NCO. It involves transitioning from one who was cared for to one who cares for others; from one who was taught to one who teaches. Describe seven major responsibilities of the NCO. - Epitomize the Core Values - Guide, Instruct, and Mentor - Support the Leader - Reward People - Correct People - Career Counsel - Keep Learning What do NCO's do? Air Force non-commissioned officers epitomize the Core Values What is an NCO considered? A first-line supervisor. Identify the Air Force's three requirements for NCO readiness. - Technical Readiness. First, NCOs must be technically ready to accomplish the mission. - Physical Readiness. Second, NCOs must be physically ready to accomplish the mission. - Mental Readiness. Third, if an NCO's mind is not totally focused on their professional duties, the mission will suffer. Define "servant leadership." Servant leadership is when the leader sees himself or herself primarily as a servant of the team. Discuss why leaders should be servants first and leaders second. Servant leadership is not about a personal quest for power, prestige, or material rewards. Additionally, leadership is not about controlling people, but serving them. Give examples of servant leadership in action. A leader making sure the team is fed first, and striving to help cadets achieve their best on uniform inspections. Defend the idea that servant leadership is consistent with Air Force values. Pulling rank is often seen as a lazy, immature, and counterproductive way to lead. Servant leadership, and the idea of caring which it is built upon, is a natural fit for the Air Force. What is the new leaders vaccine against bullying? Servant Leadership. Define "coaching." Coaching is the process through which leaders try to solve performance problems and develop their people.17 Coaching is a person-to person experience, a relationship between an experienced person (the leader or coach) and an inexperienced person (the follower or coachee). Explain how coaching relates to servant leadership. Coaching is all about providing someone with guidance and support because a good coach is a servant. Discuss the elements of successful coaching. - Dialogue. Coaching is marked by dialogue, a two-way conversation between the coach and the trainee. - Empowerment. Empowerment occurs when the person who has all the answers resists the urge to jump in and "fix" someone's problem for them. - Action. The dialogue between coach and coachee must produce something. - Improvement. Ultimately, the goal of coaching is to help the coachee reach a higher level of effectiveness. Give examples of some techniques to use during coaching's dialogue phase. - Observation. Coaching begins with observation. - Purpose. Rather than shooting from the hip, the coach should enter the dialogue having a plan. - Dialogue. The dialogue is at the very center of coaching. - Follow-Up. What is dialogue? Coaching is marked by dialogue, a two-way conversation between the coach and the trainee. What are some dialogue techniques? - Mirroring. The coach uses words to paint a picture of the coachee's behavior - Questioning. Asking open-ended questions. - Active Listening. - Validating. Simply having someone acknowledge they understand what you are going through can help. - Story Shifting. Through a "story shift," the coach asks the trainee to look at the problem in a different way or from someone else's perspective. - Addressing Fears. Fear can stop a person from moving forward. Fear is the reason people res - Finding The Bottom Line. Through the "bottom line" approach, a coach helps the coachee express the problem in one or two simple sentences. - Providing Direct Feedback. To be effective, feedback needs to be positive, constructive (serving a meaningful purpose), and specific (with some concrete examples). Defend the idea that trust and fairness are cornerstones of supervision. Trust is a cornerstone of supervision. It would be impossible for a leader to unblinkingly supervise every team member all day long. Fairness means following an impartial set of rules and applying them equally to everyone. Why is there a need for wisdom in supervision? Distinguishing between fair and unfair requires wisdom. The concept of fairness asks leaders to treat things that are alike in the same way. Define the term "punishment." Punishment is a negative consequence. What does punishment teach? Punishment teaches someone only what behaviors to avoid. It does not teach someone what they actually should be doing Explain what "constructive discipline" is. Constructive discipline is a learning process that provides an opportunity for positive growth. Discuss principles of constructive discipline. - Know that Ability Differs from Willingness. There are many reasons for people to fall short of a standard. - Praise in Public, Correct in Private. This is one of the fundamental laws of leadership. - Choose the Right Time. . Constructive discipline must take place when the problem behavior is still fresh in the follower's and the leader's mind. - Control Emotions. When disciplining a subordinate, a leader stays calm. The leader never loses control. - Focus on Performance. To keep constructive discipline positive, leaders focus on performance. They criticize bad behavior and inanimate objects, not the offending individual. Define supervision. To supervise means to observe and direct people in fulfillment of the mission. Define "motivation." Motivation is the reason for an action. Motivation is that which gives purpose and direction to a behavior. In short, motivation is your "why.' Explain why leaders must understand what motivates their people. Leaders who understand what motivates their people are apt to get them to fulfill the team's goals. What is different from talent? Motivation. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic Rewards are motivators at work within you while Extrinsic Rewards are motivators at work outside of you. Defend the idea that the key to motivation is to communicate a shared purpose. Leaders can motivate people by linking the team's mission with each individual's long-term goals. Defend the idea that leading volunteers is more challenging than leading paid employees. Compared with leaders of paid employees, volunteer leaders will find fewer extrinsic rewards in their toolkit. What are duties of the NCO? 1. Focus on short-term needs of individual cadets and a small team 2. Ensure people comply with policies, rules, and standards 3. Train people to do their jobs 4. Fulfill the goals of the team, carry out activity plans, and develop a sense of teamwork 5. NCOs get the job done What are the duties of the officer? 1. Focus on long-term needs of the whole team or teams of teams 2. Establish policies, rules, and standards 3. Assign people to the right jobs 4. Set goals for the team, plan activities, and organize a team of leaders 5. Create the conditions necessary for the team to succeed Identify the three levels at which leadership is practiced. - Strategic. The strategic arena is the highest level of leadership - Operational. The operational arena is the middle level of leadership. - Tactical. The tactical arena is the lowest level of leadership. Identify the three levels of leadership skill. - Personal. (yourself and others) - Team. (large teams, directing other leaders) - Institutional. (the whole organization) Describe ways leaders can effectively support their boss. - Command Intent. Command intent is the leader's concise expression of purpose. - Initiative. Initiative is the ability to make sound judgments and act independently. - Respectful Dissent. Dissent in a military-style organization may seem contrary to the principles of discipline and following orders. But in fact, the Core Value of Excellence requires it. - Completed Staff Work. One truism about leadership is that one should never complain about a problem without offering a solution. They must coordinate their proposal with the other stakeholders. - Updates and Advice. One of a leader's duties as a follower is to keep their superior informed of any issues he or she would want to know about. Describe the seven needs of a team. - Common Goals. A team must be organized around a common goal. - Leadership. Every team needs leadership. - Involvement of All Members. The main idea of teamwork is to harness each individual's strengths. - Good Morale. - Open Communication. Ineffective communication among team members and ineffective use of meeting time are the two biggest complaints people have about team leadership. - Mutual Respect. Team members must show a commitment to mutual respect and all that it entails. - Fair Way to Resolve Conflicts. In a team environment, conflicts are always bound to arise. The challenge is to resolve them fairly and professionally. What is espirit de corps? Esprit de corps is a sense of team pride, fellowship, and loyalty Discuss common pitfalls that teams are susceptible to. - Teams Can Be Unwieldy - Teams Pressure Individuals to Conform. - Free Riders. There's always a chance that there may be free riders, people who receive the fruits of the team's labor without doing their fair share of the work. - Groupthink. Groupthink occurs when team members seek unanimous agreement in spite of facts pointing to another conclusion. - Lack of Accountability. If everyone on the team is in charge, no one is in charge. If everyone shares responsibility, no one owns responsibility. Define conformity. Through conformity, the process by which an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are influenced by other people, teams can be deprived of the creative thinking and individualism they need to succeed. Describe the four stages in Tuckman's model of team dynamics. Stage 1. Forming. When a group first comes together, there is usually chaos. Stage 2. Storming. As the team begins to take shape, individuals' personalities begin to show themselves. Stage 3. Norming. Now the team is coming into its own. Stage 4. Performing. At last the group has truly become a team. Performing is the stage at which the team is at its best. Why must leaders be familiar with Tuckman's model of team dynamics? Team leaders need to be aware of the "forming, storming, norming, and performing" principle of team dynamics so they can provide the right support at the right time. Describe the "LEAD" model. Lead with a clear purpose. Empower to participate Aim for consensus Direct the team What happens when a leader uses the LEAD model? They will fulfill the seven needs of a team. Defend the claim that critical thinking has a direct impact on a leader's effectiveness. As leaders become better at thinking critically, their rewards grow. They imagine better ideas and solve problems more quickly. Define the term, "critical thinking." Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. What is critical thinking guided by? Critical thinking is the habit of being guided by universal values of logic and a deep respect for the truth. What does it take to develop critical thinking? Developing the ability to think critically is a lifelong endeavor, a never-ending process. Describe the seven universal intellectual standards. - Clarity. The principle of clarity calls for critical thinkers to express their ideas such that people will know exactly what thoughts are racing through their brains. - Accuracy. The principle of accuracy demands that critical thinkers back up their claims and that other people be allowed to double-check those claims. - Precision. Precise statements mean what they say and say what they mean. - Relevance. The principle of relevance calls for all supporting claims to advance the overall argument. - Depth. The willingness to examine every imaginable complexity or factor bearing on an issue. - Breadth. Breadth concerns how far across either side he or she is willing to look when considering an issue. - Logic. When one point supports the next and the conclusions flow naturally, an argument is logical. Describe the eight elements of thought. 1. Reasoning has a purpose. 2. Reasoning is an attempt to figure something out. 3. Reasoning is based on assumptions or beliefs you take for granted. 4. Reasoning has a point of view. 5. Reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence. 6. Reasoning is expressed through and shaped by concepts and ideas. 7. Reasoning contains inferences by which we draw conclusions. 8. Reasoning leads somewhere and has consequences Explain four different modes of thinking. - Big-picture thinking is the practice of stepping back from an issue or problem so as to take more of it in. Big-picture thinking helps leaders stay on target. Further, it promotes teamwork. Big-picture thinkers are able to synthesize or mesh together their learning. - Focused thinking is the practice of intensely studying an issue, trying to see it clearly, and not becoming distracted by other issues that are somewhat related to, but different from, the specific question at hand. - Realistic thinking is an approach where the leader tries to see the world for how it actually is, not how we might wish it to be. - Leaders who are realists gain credibility because they operate in the real world and are prepared for whatever curve balls come their way. - Shared thinking involves valuing the thoughts and ideas of others. The biggest obstacle to shared thinking is emotional insecurity. Explain what logical fallacies are and how they affect leaders. A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning. When someone makes an argument based on bad reasoning, they are said to commit a fallacy Give examples of at least five different types of logical fallacies. - Ad Hominem. Instead of focusing on the logic of an opposing argument, an ad hominem attacks the other person. - Appeal to Authority. An appeal to authority tries to prove a claim by asserting that some smart person believes the claim to be true and therefore it must be true. - Post Hoc Fallacy. The post hoc fallacy illustrates the difference between correlation (two things being related somehow) and causation (one event causing another event, like a chain reaction). - Appeal to Tradition. This fallacy makes the assumption that older ideas are better, and that the leader's job is to prevent change. - Red Herring. While a given line of thought may indeed be true, it is a red herring if it is not relevant to the issue at hand. - Weak Analogy. The fallacy of the weak analogy arises because no matter how similar two things are, they are never exactly alike. - Straw Man Fallacy. Instead of attacking the opposition head-on, a straw man fallacy misrepresents the opposing position, making it seem weaker than it is. - Begging the Question / Circular Reasoning. If your argument's conclusion is the same as one of your premises, you're begging the question. - False Dilemma. The premise behind the false dilemma is that we are faced with two, but only two choices, and both are not very good. - Slippery Slope. If the idea that one thing leads to another is fixed in your mind, you may travel down the slippery slope. Discuss the concept of intellectual honesty. Honesty in the acquisition, analysis, and transmission of ideas. Those who search for the truth should be on guard for what? Logical fallacies. Explain what "creative thinking" means in your own words. Creative thinking is concentration plus imagination. What does our Core Value of Excellence require us to do? Think creatively. Discuss why creative leaders do not always win. Even if you develop the habit of thinking creatively, there is no guarantee that your ideas will be welcomed. Why can majorities discourage creativity? Our respect for majority rule can discourage people from expressing unpopular ideas that run contrary to the majority's opinion. Define branding The process of associating certain visual, cultural, and even emotional images with a product - occurs when companies continually try to make their impression on us. Give examples of how majorities can discourage creativity. - Advertising. - Sedition Acts. - Uniformity. - The Military Tradition. What did John Adams do? Instead of embracing the open society, with its civic life marked by free inquiry and lively debate, Adams put his name to laws that mocked the First Amendment What does uniformity suggest? So-called individualism or creativity may be conformity in disguise The military lifestyle can brew hostility toward.... Creative thinking Give examples of outstanding creative thinking. - Apollo 13. - D-Day. What should leaders do when creating a plan? Simplify Describe several practical methods of creative thinking. - Brainstorming, to generate ideas through the quick, free-flow of thoughts. - Mindmapping, a visual arrangement of ideas and their interconnections. - The Five Why's, by continually asking "why?," the team can identify the root causes of a problem. - Reversal, backwards brainstorming. Instead of trying to imagine ways to solve a problem, you imagine ways to create the problem. - Headlines of the Future, Not only are you describing your dreams, you're analyzing what you must do to get there. - Flowcharts, flowcharts are simply visual representations of the major steps in a process. - Multi-Voting, to find which idea has the greatest consensus when the team has several options to choose from. - Weighted Pros and Cons, to make a decision by analyzing the arguments for and against an idea, with a special emphasis on the relative strength of each pro and con. - Gradual Voting, through gradual voting, a leader can encourage every member on the team - especially the most junior - to truly speak their minds and vote accordingly. What is mindmapping? A special form of brainstorming. What do the best flowcharts do? The best flowcharts are clear thinking made visible. What does Multi-Voting avoid? Multi-voting avoids a win/lose situation for the team's members. What does the Weighted Pros and Cons method help you do? Make decisions. Explain the function of a learning objective. In simple terms, a learning objective describes what a student should know, feel, or be able to do at the end of the lesson. What is a good learning objective? Specific and measurable. Describe the four modalities of learning. - Visual. If you are a visual learner, you probably like to learn from watching videos, examining diagrams and looking at pictures. - Auditory. Someone who learns best by listening. - Kinesthetic. The emphasis is on physically moving around and staying active, not simply touching things - Tactile. Will want to physically touch whatever it is they are studying Explain why leaders should present material in multiple ways. It's valuable to understand that everyone learns differently. Describe different methods of teaching. - Lecture. Arguably the most common teaching method, the lecture is an oral presentation of information, concepts, or principles that will lead students toward fulfillment of a learning objective - Guided Discussion. The guided discussion is an instructor-controlled group process in which students share information and experiences to achieve a learning objective - Demonstration - Performance. The "demo-perf" is a process-driven approach to training that is used when students need to physically practice new skills. - Experiential. Experiential learning is an umbrella term covering games, role-playing, hands-on activities, service projects, problem solving challenges, and more - Simulation. A simulation seeks to replicate the conditions of a job as realistically as possible. What are the drawbacks of each of these approaches. No one approach can satisfy each individual type of learner. Explain the purpose of evaluations, in the context of learning. An evaluation is an attempt to check whether each student fulfilled the learning objectives. What must an evaluation be? Valid What does feedback show? Through feedback, students see where they did well and where they fell short. As you teach and train people, what do you become? More knowledgeable and more expert in the subject matter. Cite several examples of how cadets are evaluated? Uniform inspections, exams, fitness testing, discussions, flying, drill tests, and more. What is the cadet program an example of? Student-centered learning. Define the term, "personality." Personality is the sum of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make someone unique What does nature vs nurture ask? The question of "nature vs. nurture" asks whether it is inborn qualities or personal experiences that shape who we are. Describe ways that nature influences personality. DNA determines a great deal about who we are. Describe ways that nurture influences personality. People are shaped by their environment. Explain why the nature vs. nurture debate is relevant to leaders. Leaders cannot change human nature. . But we also know that a person's environment has an effect on how they develop, and a leader can have an effect on that environment. What is Tabula Rosa/the blank slate principle? The blank slate principle states that every newborn baby is born as if their mind were a blank slate onto which they write thoughts and experiences. Describe birth order theory. Birth order theory contends that a person's rank within their family can have an effect on their personality and intelligence. Why is birth order theory relevant to leaders? Birth order theory is an easy way to begin thinking about how the environment a person grows up in can shape their personality. Define the term, "charisma." "Charisma is the sparkle in people that money can't buy," according to one author. "It's an invisible energy with visible effects." Explain why charisma can help a leader succeed. Because charismatic leaders have by definition a "profound emotional effect," their followers will work longer and harder for the cause Explain pitfalls leaders can face by relying too much on charisma. Strong charisma can be counter-productive as it surrounds the leader with followers who are only too willing to flatter the leader and sweep problems under the rug What is the Johari Window? The Johari Window is a tool for exploring our self-perception. Describe the four arenas of the Johari window. - The public arena consists of those features of your personality that you know about yourself and that others know, too. - The blind arena consists of those personality features that are unknown to you but are known to others. - The private arena consists of those personality features that are known to you but unknown to others. - The unknown arena consists of everything in your personality that is unknown to you and unknown to others. Explain how feedback and self-disclosure help leaders One lesson of the Johari Window is that "feedback is the breakfast of champions." By paying attention to what people tell you in words and non-verbal cues about your behavior, you can avoid blind spots that hinder your success. Identify the four dimensions of type, according to MBTI. 1. Extroversion vs. Introversion 2. Intuition vs. Sensing 3. Thinking vs. Feeling 4. Judging vs. Perceiving Describe the eight preferences of type, according to MBTI. - Extroverts enjoy spending time with people. - Introverts prefer to direct their energy to ideas, their imagination, and their own inner thoughts. - Sensors are interested in the specifics, the details. - Intuitives look at the big picture. - Thinkers are cool and collected, and seldom swayed by emotion. - Feelers have a strong sense of empathy and prefer to consider a problem from the other person's perspective. - Judgers feel that life has a timetable. They value structure, order, predictability. - Perceivers prefer to keep their options open. Explain why MBTI is relevant to leaders. The MBTI supports a leader's development by helping the leader understand themselves so that they may be more effective in working with others. How many different MBTI types are there? 16. What does Maslow say people are motivated by? His basic theory says individuals are motivated by unfulfilled needs. Describe each of the five basic needs, according to Maslow. - Physiological needs. (Food, water) - Safety needs (Freedom from fear, uncertainty, and violence) - Love and belonging needs. (we are motivated by a need for love or a basic connection with other people, a sense of belonging) - Esteem needs. (We are motivated by a desire for attention, honor, appreciation, and a good reputation.) - Self-Actualization. (People who achieve self-actualization have truly lived up to their potential) Explain why Maslow uses a pyramid to describe his model. Unless the lowest unfulfilled need is met, all others will be forgotten. Suggest ways a leader can help individuals fulfill each of the five basic needs. The pyramid shape reminds leaders that certain motivations are stronger than others and must be satisfied before the higher needs emerge. Identify the key lesson of the Hawthorne studies. The lesson of the Hawthorne studies is that when leaders pay attention to their people and treat them as partners, people feel appreciated and will perform better. Define the term "stimulus." Define the term "reflex." Summarize what Pavlov learned from his dogs. Pavlov discovered what is called classical conditioning. Define the term "classical conditioning." The process whereby a living thing learns to connect a stimulus to a reflex. Describe "positive reinforcement." The encouragement of a certain behavior by giving a reward or incentive. Describe "negative reinforcement." The reinforcing of a response by giving an aversive stimulus when the response is not made and omitting the aversive stimulus when the response is made. Describe "punishment." A negative consequence. Describe "extinction." The disappearance of a behavior or trait. Explain why classical conditioning is relevant to leaders. It is a mistake for leaders to believe they can use the techniques of dog obedience training to effectively motivate intelligent, complex people. What is classical condition considered by experts? Leadership experts believe classical conditioning is too simplistic a method to motivate people to pursue a goal. Summarize the events of the Milgram experiment. People were split in two groups, the teacher and the student. The teacher was told to administer a memory test, and for every incorrect answer deliver a shock, increasing the power of the shock for each incorrect answer. A researcher leading the experiment would tell the teacher to continue to deliver a shock, even at incredibly high voltages. (The shock was never actually delivered to the student, the reactions of the student were false.) Researcher Stanley Milgram found that 63 percent of the men who acted as "teachers" were willing to carry this diabolical experiment to the end, turning the dial all the way up to "XXX."6 Identify the key lesson learned from the Milgram experiment. Milgram discovered that obedience to authority is a powerful motivator. Explain why the Milgram experiment is a warning for leaders. Milgram shows that leaders, in light of their power over their followers, bear some responsibility for the actions of their subordinates. What is inevitable? Conflict Define the term, "defense mechanism." Defense mechanisms are behaviors people use to deal with anxiety, stress, or pressure. What do defense mechanisms do? Defense mechanisms activate to protect us from psychological injury. Explain why people naturally turn to defensive behavior. "Defense mechanisms are behaviors people use to deal with stress." Give examples of how some defense mechanisms play out in everyday life. - Displacement occurs when someone redirects feelings about something onto something less threatening - Projection is the act of taking one's own unacknowledged thoughts or feelings and falsely attributing them to someone else. - Rationalization is when someone devises reassuring or self-serving explanations for their behavior. - Intellectualization. Through intellectualization, a person tries to remove the emotional side of a situation and instead examines their problem in an excessively abstract way. - Denial. Denial is a mechanism in which a person fails to acknowledge facts that would be apparent to others. - Suppression is when a person knows they have anxieties or problems, but they set them aside, choosing not to even think about them. - Withdr