Biology 1010. Kearley. Exam 1. 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy

homeostasis stable internal operating conditions within the body - temperature - blood pH examples of homeostasis 5 Sanity-Saving Tips for Arguing on the Internet 0:49 / 1:27 integument protective outer covering of the body (1st layer exposed to outside conditions) - protection - helps control internal temperature - sensory receptors detect environmental stimuli functions of the integument - abrasion - bacterial attacks - ultraviolet radiation - dehydration the integument protects from epidermis outer layer of the skin; formed by several layers of cells stratum basale umbesinnst Kater if the epidermis (mitoic); contains melanocytes which darken the skin and agains UV rays Stratum corneum outermost layer of the epidermis; consist of flattened dead skin cells (keratin) dermis inner layer of the skin; mostly connective tissue - composed of collagen and elastin (proteins) dermis houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, and sensory nerves integument system sweat glands, oil glands, hair, arrector pili muscle, dermis, and epidermis are all part of the ____. sweat glands ____ produce fluid in response to stress (fright, over heating) oil glands _____ lubricate and soften the skin and produce secretions that reduce bacterial populations hair the root is imbedded in the dermis arrector pili smooth muscles that are attached to, and erect hairs - cause goose bumps (cold, scared) hypertrichosis abnormal amounts of hair - genetic condition in humans skin cancer the most common form of cancer in the US - about 1/2 of the cancers found each year - basal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma - malignant melanoma (most dangerous) types of skin cancer melanoma ____ accounts for almost 3/4 of the deaths due to skin cancer (5 year survival rates) localized - 98% ( at the source) regional - 62% (beyond origin) distant - 15% (in circulatory system) percentages of the 5 year survival rates of melanoma (skin cancer) muscoskeletal system an end-skeletal composed of bone and cartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage 3 types of cartilage hyaline cartilage found in tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum, and in the articulating joints elastic cartilage found in the external ear fibrocartilage found in interveterbral disks - interact with muscles to move the body - support and protect - depository (constantly depositing calcium) - blood production functions of bones compact bone found on the outside of the bone osteocytes bone cells - found in compact bone and housed in spaces called lacunae lacunae where osteocytes are located haversion systems found in the compact bone and are composed of concentric circles called lamellae lamellae concentric circles that make up Haversion systems haversion canal contains blood vessels and nerves - at the center of each haversion system canaliculi tiny channels that connect haversion canals to osteocytes spongy bone found mostly in the epiphysis and contains red marrow that produces blood cells compact bone spongy bone two types of bone osteoblasts ____ grow into osteocytes bone remodeling minerals are deposited and removed at the same time bone formation start with a cartilage model - recreation made by osteoblasts (osteocytes) become mineralized length and diameter we look at bone growth in terms of ___ and ___ somatotropin; osteoblasts ____stimulates ____ (osteocytes) to deposit matrix - bones grow longer. osteoblasts deposit new matrix to the outside of the bone as well osteoclasts somatotropin also causes ____ to remove bony matrix. bone and cavity become larger joints areas on contact or near contact between bones - fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints - synovial joints 3 types of joints fibrous joints joints that have no gaps between the bones Ex: flat cranial bones cartilaginous joints joints that permit only slight movements Ex: interveterbral disks synovial joints joints that move freely - stabilized by ligaments; synovial fluid lubricates Ex: ball and socket joint, single joint