Patho Exam 1 Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen University)

Patho Exam 1 Essentials of Pathophysiology (Rasmussen University) Pathophysiology Exam Review Modules 1-3 Module 1: Cells & Homeostasis What are the General Adaptation Syndrome Stages? -Stage 1: Alarm/Fight or Flight -Stage 2: Resistance -Stage 3: Exhaustion What happens to our body during the fight or flight stage? The stressor upsets homeostasis What is being released from our body during the alarm stage (fight or flight)? Catecholamines and cortisol What is the function of a ribosome? Aid in protein production and form clusters that are held together by DNA What is the function of the nucleus? Contains genetic information and controls the production of proteins What is the function of the mitochondria? It is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production – carries DNA What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? Calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism What is diffusion? Moving from a high concentration to a low concentration What is osmosis? The movement of water across the cell membrane – think H2O for water – What is active transport? Movement of molecules across a membrane where assistance is needed What is passive transport? Movement of molecules without needing energy (ATP) to pass through What substances have free movement? Enzymes, Glucose, Electrolytes What is meiosis? Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes What is mitosis? Cells divide into two identically daughter cells What is pinocytosis? Cell drinking What is phagocytosis? Cell eating What is exocytosis? Exiting or expelling a protein out of a cell What is carcinogenesis? The development of cancer What are the three stages of carcinogenesis? -Initiation: Introduction of the agent -Promotion: Initiation of uncontrolled growth -Progression: Permanent malignant changes What is cachexia? A symptom of cancer – sunken eyes, weight loss, muscle loss, and no appetite What is atrophy? Decreases organelle size and lowers energy usage What is hypertrophy? Increases organelle size Module 1: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance/ABGs Electrolyte Normal Values: Sodium: 135 - 145 Chloride: 98 - 108 Magnesium: 1.8 - 2.4 Calcium: 8.6 - 10.2 Potassium: 3.5 - 5 Phosphorous: 2.5 - 4.5 What is sodium controlled by? Aldosterone What is an antidiuretic hormone? Reabsorption of water in the kidneys What is aldosterone? Increases absorption of sodium and water in the kidneys What is ICF rich in? Potassium –MPPP – What is ECF rich in? Sodium and chloride –SBC – What is renin secreted by? Kidneys What causes edema? Excess fluid in the interstitial space What is hypervolemia? Excess fluid in the intravascular space –renal failure and CHF can lead to hypervolemia – What causes third spacing? When too much fluid moves from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the interstitial or “third” space What causes fluid excess? Excessive sodium or water intake/elimination What are the manifestations of fluid excess? -Peripheral edema -Dyspnea -Bounding pulse -Tachycardia -Jugular vein distension -Hypertension -Bulging fontanelles What causes fluid deficit? Inadequate fluid intake, fluid losses, diabetes, burns, open wounds, ascites What will you see in a patient with hypocalcemia? -Trousseau’s sign (arm jerk with bp cuff) -Chvostek’s sign (cheek smile when touched) -Diarrhea -Circumoral tingling -Weak bones What will you see in a patient with hypercalcemia? -Constipation -Bone pain -Stones -Deep tendon reflexes What are the normal ranges of ABGs? - pH: 7.35-7.45 - PaCO2: 45-35 - HCO3: 22-26 What is metabolic acidosis? A bicarbonate deficiency or a hydrogen excess What are the manifestations of metabolic acidosis? -Low blood pressure -Kussmaul respirations -Changes in LOC -N/V & diarrhea -Warm flushed skin What causes metabolic acidosis? DKA, severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock What is metabolic alkalosis? Excessive bicarbonate or deficient hydrogen What are the manifestations of metabolic alkalosis? -Confusion -Vomiting -Tachycardia -Tremors -Muscle cramps -Hypoventilation -Paresthesia -Tetany What is respiratory acidosis? Results from carbon dioxide retention which increases the amount of carbonic acid present which then decreases the pH level What are the manifestations of respiratory acidosis? -Rapid, shallow respirations -Vasodilation (low bp) -Dyspnea -Hypoventilation -Hypoxia (not enough oxygen) -Dysrhythmias