Rasmussen Patho Exam Review 2024 Questions with correct Answers

Rasmussen Patho Exam Review 2024 Questions with correct Answers What triggers the fight or flight response? the sympathetic nervous system in response to a perceived threat or stressor. What physiological changes occur during the fight or flight response? increased heart rate and dilation of airways. What hormones are released during the fight or flight response? adrenaline and cortisol What is homeostasis? Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. What processes are involved in homeostasis? temperature regulation, pH balance, and nutrient levels What is the function of ribosomes? protein synthesis What are ribosomes? cellular organelles What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis? Ribosomes read mRNA (messenger RNA) and translate its genetic code into specific amino acids, which are then assembled into proteins. What is mRNA? type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein synthesis. What hormones are insulin antagonist hormones and cause raised blood sugar levels? glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine. How do insulin antagonist hormones raise blood sugar levels? stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver and promoting gluconeogenesis. What is the main function of the endocrine system? regulate various bodily functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. How do hormones act within the body? as chemical messengers, traveling to target organs or tissues and eliciting specific responses to maintain homeostasis. What are the functions of plasma proteins? maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances like hormones and lipids, and aiding in blood clotting and immune responses. What are the electrolytes found in intracellular fluid? potassium, magnesium, and phosphate What electrolytes are found in extracellular fluid? sodium, chloride, bicarbonate What is hyponatremia? low sodium levels in the blood What symptoms can occur with hyponatremia? nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma what is hypovolemia? decreased volume of circulating blood in the body, often due to dehydration, hemorrhage, or excessive fluid loss What is extracellular fluid made out of? interstitial fluid and plasma What is a "sign"? An objective indication of a medical condition that can be observed or measured What is a "contradiction"? A specific factor or condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. What is the normal range of sodium in the blood? 135-145 mEq/L Clinical Manifestations of Fluid Volume Overload Edema, Hypertension, Shortness of breath, Distended neck veins In what ways does water loss occur? breathing, sweating and urination What is a hypotonic solution? lower solute concentration than the surrounding fluid What is a hypertonic solution? Has higher solute concentration than the surrounding fluid What is an isotonic solution? have the same concentration as surrounding fluid What is osmosis? movement of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration, equalizing the concentration What is the normal pH of blood? 7.35-7.45 What does pH stand for? potential hydrogen What is diffusion? passive movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached How does the body maintain acid-base balance? respiratory regulation (breathing rate), and renal regulation (kidney function) What are the clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis? rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations), confusion, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, shock and coma What is sepsis? body's extreme response to an infection. It can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death What are the 5 R's of the inflammatory response? Five R's (1) Recognition of the injurious agent (2) Recruitment of leukocytes (3) Removal of the agent (4) Regulation (control) of the response (5) Resolution (repair) Warmth and redness during a cellulitis infect