IRENE GOLD BOARDS Must REVISE Questions and CORRECT Answers

Types of degeneration... - Calcification, metastatic - Calcium infiltration into normal tissue. E.g. hypervitaminosis D., hyperparathyroidism Calcification, dystrophic - Calcium infiltration into abnormal/damaged tissue E.g. atherosclerosis or atheroma. Damage to tunica intima Caseous (cheese like) - Combination of ischemic cell death & cell lysis. Tuberculosis, giant epithelial cell Cloudy swelling - Albuminous. Membrane injured which effects ionic transfer. AKA hydropic change *cloudy swelling is reversible Coagulation - Infarction (MI), blood vessels *zymogen Enzymatic - pancreas Fatty - Liver, aka "nutmeg liver" heart, aka "tabby cat heart" fatty dot > fatty streak > atheroma (fatty plaque) > fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium) Liquefaction - CNS E.g. brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy Skin (if from infection) tabes dorsalis Wallerian - Peripheral nerves. Degenerates to the next node of ranvier. "dying back phenomenon" Zenker's (waxy) - Hyaline. Most common in skeletal muscle. Muscle replaced with hyaline Degeneration of nucleus... - cell must die Karyo = nucleus Karyolysis - nuclear fading/rupture (DNA breakdown: irreversible) Karyorrhexis - Nuclear swelling (chromattin fragmentation) Pyknosis - Nuclear condensation AKA karyopyknosis Developmental changes... - Agenesis - absence of an organ (usually pair organ) Aplasia - Small remnants of the organ present (lack of development) Hypoplasia - organ smaller than normal and defective Disturbances of growth... - Atrophy - Decrease in size (disuse atrophy). seen mostly in muscle Hypertrophy - Increase in size (E.g. muscle exercise) Hyperplasia - Increase in number of cells (e.g. pregnant uterus, goiter, callous) Metaplasia - Changes from one cell type to another. E.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) changing into stratified squamous in lungs of smokers. GERD > Barretts Dysplasia - Change in size, shape or function of a cell. Precancerous, but last stage that can reverse to normal Anaplasia - Complete disorganization of a cell (cancer) E.g. squamous cell carcinoma Collagen types... - Type 1 collagen - Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments, annulus fibrosis Type 2 collagen - Disc (specifically nucleus pulposis), notochord Type 3 collagen - 'Reticular collagen'. found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also seen in early wound healing Type 4 collagen - Basement membrane Pneumococnosis: - Inhalation & deposition of dust particles in the lung START PAGE 3: PNEUMOCONIOSIS: Inhalation & deposition of dust particles in the lung Silicosis - Silica from sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters at risk. "rocky quarry disease" Asbestosis - asbestos leads to mesothelioma. malignant tumor Siderosis - Iron dus