CANS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED (100% VERIFIED)

CANS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED (100% VERIFIED) General Systems Theory- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936) - ANSWER A common framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others. Components of Systems - ANSWER -Input: material that enters a system -Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material -Output: end result or product of the system -Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output -Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose or end result of the system has been achieved Hospital as a System - ANSWER The success of the hospital depends on the functioning of many subsystems First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its subsystems). Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a result that is not independently achievable. Supra-system - ANSWER The larger environment outside the system An OPEN system - ANSWER promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment. A CLOSED system - ANSWER does not interact with other systems or with the surrounding environment Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER 1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression 2) Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable environment with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear and chaos CANS EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 (GRADED 3) Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the social structure 4) Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance 5) Self actualization - realized maximum potential Various environmental systems: - ANSWER family, cultural, social, poverty, community/gloabl WHO's definition of health: - ANSWER a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER addresses a small set of health issues that are significant threats to the health and the public. 26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life span. Health Beliefs Model Rosenstock (1966, 1990) - ANSWER = "why some people change their health behaviors while others do not." Three components: 1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that condition 2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be 3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior Self-Efficacy Concept Bandura (1997) - ANSWER Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the ability to modify behavior Four components for effective lifestyle change: 1) Information 2) Skill development 3) Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback 4) Creating social supports for change Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any new behavior (1977). Locus of control: - ANSWER People tend to be influenced by either internal or external view of control. -Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they themselves do. OR -Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside factors. Holistic nursing care: - ANSWER nourishes the whole person - the body, mind, and spirit. Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing: 1) Nursing is an open system 2) Nursing is the provision of health care services 3) Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families 4) Nursing is integrally involved with people 5) Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age, beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors. 6) Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills 7) Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth toward wellness. 8) Nursing links theory and research 3 categories of beliefs: - ANSWER 1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those that can be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun will come up tomorrow morning." 2. Evaluative beliefs are those in which there is a judgment about good or bad. The belief "Advanced life support for a 90-year-old is immoral" is an example of an evaluative belief. 3. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs are those in which certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable. The belief "Every citizen of voting age should vote in every election" is a prescriptive belief, whereas the belief "People should not have sex outside of marriage" is a proscriptive belief. These two types of beliefs are closely related to values. Beliefs: - ANSWER A belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true or correct. Belief systems that serve to guide thinking and decision making. Beliefs are exhibited through attitudes and behaviors. Values: - ANSWER Values are the freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by an individual, class, or group that give meaning and direction to life. A value is an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable. Values define ideal modes of conduct and reflect what the individual or group endorses and tries to emulate. Values, like beliefs, are relatively stable and resistant to change. Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing: - ANSWER Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not (originally published 1859) "I use the word nursing for want of a better. It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application of poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet— all at the least expense of vital power to the patient" These definitions foreshadowed contemporary nursing's focus on the therapeutic milieu (environment) as well as the modern emphasis on health promotion and health maintenance. She accurately observed that although simply possessing observational skills does not make someone a good nurse, without these skills a nurse is ineffective. Indeed, informed observation has always been an integral part of the processes of nursing. She was the first person to differentiate between nursing provided by a professional nurse using a unique body of knowledge and physical care provided by a layperson such as a mother caring for a sick child. Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing: - ANSWER "Nursing may be defined as that service to an individual that helps him to attain or maintain a healthy state of mind or body" -represented emergence of contemporary nursing. (1939) International Council of Nurses (ICN) "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible" (1960). Hildegard Peplau's definition of nursing - ANSWER "Nursing is a significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process." (1952) Dorothea Orem's definition of nursing - ANSWER "Nursing is perhaps best described as the giving of direct assistance to a person, as required, because of the person's specific inabilities in self-care resulting from a situation of personal health" (1959) Martha Rogers's definition of nursing - ANSWER "Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation encompass the scope of nursing's goals" (1961) Definition of Nursing (ANA) - ANSWER the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA) - ANSWER "Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care of individuals, families, groups, and communities" Professional socialization - ANSWER process of internalization and development or modification of an occupational identity that "begins when the students are in formal nursing program and continues as they practice in the real world." formal: supervisors and administration informal: co-workers Benner's Model of Socialization - ANSWER (1984) identified five stages nurses pass through in the transition from novice to expert: 1) Novice stage- begins when students first enroll in nursing school.