MDC 2 Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions

MDC 2 Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions Biology of Normal Cells -Answer-Live, function, replicate and Die- (apoptosis),Specific morphology Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio Differentiated function Tight adherence, Non-migratory Orderly and well-regulated growth (cellular regulation) Mitosis Contact inhibition Apoptosis Normal chromosomes (euploidy) Benign versus Malignant Cell Growth -Answer-Common Benign—Harmless; does not usually require intervention on types of altered cell growth Malignant—Indicates cancer; serious and can lead to death without intervention Biology of Abnormal Cells -Answer-Benign Tumor Cells- Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Result of small problem with cellular regulation Moles, uterine fibroid tumors, skin tags, endometriosis, nasal polyps Features of Benign Tumor Cells -Answer-Specific morphology Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio Specific differentiated functions Tight adherence No migration Orderly growth Normal chromosomes Cancer Cells -Answer-Abnormal Serve no useful function Harmful to normal body tissues Features of Cancer Cells -Answer-Anaplasia Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio Specific functions lost Loose adherence Migration (metastasis) No contact inhibition Rapid or continuous cell division Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy) Cancer Development -Answer-Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis = cancer development Malignant transformation occurs through Initiation Promotion Progression Metastasis Primary and Secondary Tumors -Answer-Primary Identified by the tissue from which it arose (parent tissue) Secondary (metastatic) Cancer cells move from primary location Additional tumor(s) Cancer Classification -Answer-Grading Ploidy Staging TNM T—Tumor N—Node M—Metastasis Doubling time and mitotic index Neoplasm -Answer-Means new cell growth=Tumor either benign or malignant. Superior vena cava syndrome -Answer-A condition that requires high-dose radiation as a priority medical treatment to relieve airway obstruction caused by compression of the superior vena cava. Cancer Etiology and Genetic Risk -Answer-Oncogene activation Chemical carcinogenesis Physical carcinogenesis Viral carcinogenesis Dietary factors Personal factors Immune function Advancing age Genetic risk External Factors Causing Cancer -Answer-Chemical carcinogenesis 30% of cancers are related to tobacco use Physical carcinogenesis Radiation Chronic irritation Viral carcinogenesis Oncoviruses Personal Factors and Cancer Development -Answer-Immunity Age Genetic risk Cancer Prevention -Answer-Primary Prevention: Avoidance of known carcinogens Modifying associated risk Removal of "at risk" ti