network-science
January 18, 2024
1 Summary
[1]: %matplotlib inline
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas import DataFrame
import scipy
from nose.tools import assert_equal
from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal
import random
from collections import Counter
1.1 Python Data Types
Float: real numbers
Int: integer numbers
Str: string
Bool: True, False
1.1.1 List vs. tuple vs. set vs. dict
Lists[] are used to store multiple items in a single variable. List items are ordered, changeable and
allow duplicate values.
Sets{} are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A set is a collection which is unordered,
unchangeable* and do not allow duplicate values.
Frozenset is just an immutable version of a Python set object. While elements of a set can be
modified at any time, elements of the frozen set remain the same after creation. Due to this, frozen
sets can be used as keys in Dictionary or as elements of another set.
*Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove items and add new items.
Tuples() are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A tuple is a collection which is
ordered, unchangeable and allow duplicate values
1
, Dict{} are used to store data values in key:value pairs. A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*,
changeable and do not allow duplicate values.
*Note: As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries
are unordered.
1.2 Python Objects/Classes
Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods. Objects get their
variables and functions from classes. Classes are essentially a template to create your objects. A
Class is like an object constructor, or a “blueprint” for creating objects.
[2]: class MyClass:
x = 5
y = MyClass()
print(y.x)
5
1.3 Subsetting / List slicing
[3]: names = ["Jan", "Piet", "Klaas", "Kees", "Anne"]
# index 4 is uitgesloten
print(names[2:4], names[3:])
['Klaas', 'Kees'] ['Kees', 'Anne']
1.4 For-loops
[4]: # Voeg een lijst toe van de gewichten
weights = [70, 80, 90, 75, 65]
# Maak een lege lijst voor de namen EN gewichten
name_weight_list = []
# Voeg willekeurige namen en gewichten toe aan de lijst
for i in range(5):
name = random.choice(names)
weight = random.choice(weights)
name_weight_list.append((name, weight)) # Tuples (Een paartje)
# Als list comprehensie:
# name_weight_list = [(random.choice(names), random.choice(weights)) for i in␣
↪range(5)]
print(name_weight_list)
[('Kees', 80), ('Piet', 75), ('Piet', 75), ('Anne', 70), ('Klaas', 80)]
2
, 1.5 Conditionals
1.5.1 if-statement (in loop)
[5]: # Om ervoor te zorgen dat elke naam slechts één keer voorkomt in de lijst:
chosen_names = []
name_weight_list = []
# Voeg willekeurige namen en gewichten toe aan de lijst
for i in range(5):
# Kies een naam die nog niet is gekozen
name = random.choice([name for name in names if name not in chosen_names])
# Voeg de gekozen naam toe aan de lijst van gekozen namen
chosen_names.append(name)
weight = random.choice(weights)
name_weight_list.append((name, weight))
print(name_weight_list)
[('Anne', 70), ('Kees', 90), ('Piet', 65), ('Jan', 75), ('Klaas', 65)]
1.5.2 elif-statement
[6]: number_of_apples = 3
if number_of_apples < 1:
print('You have no apples')
elif number_of_apples == 1:
print('You have one apple')
elif number_of_apples < 4:
print('You have a few apples')
else:
print('You have many apples!')
You have a few apples
1.6 Functions
A function is a piece of reusable code, aimed at solving a particular task. You can call functions
instead of having to write code yourself.
output = function_name(input)
[87]: # Handige functies:
# len()
# max()
# min()
# round()
3
, # sorted()
dieren = ['hond', 'kat', 'paard', 'vogel']
aantal_dieren = len(dieren)
getallen = [5, 2, 8, 1, 3]
gesorteerde_getallen_aflopend = sorted(getallen, reverse=True)
print(gesorteerde_getallen_aflopend, aantal_dieren)
type(aantal_dieren)
[8, 5, 3, 2, 1] 4
[87]: int
1.6.1 Methods
Methods are functions that belong to specific objects.
[8]: # Handige methodes
# .index()
# .append() end of the list
# .insert() specific place
# .remove("appel") of # del fruit[0]
fruit = ["appel", "banaan", "kiwi"]
fruit.insert(1, "peer")
fruit
[8]: ['appel', 'peer', 'banaan', 'kiwi']
1.6.2 Iterable
An iterable is any Python object capable of returning its members one at a time, permitting it to
be iterated over in a for-loop. Familiar examples of iterables include lists, dicts, and strings.
1.7 Comprehensions
1.7.1 List comprehension
List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on the values
of an existing list.
Components: - Output expression - Iterator variable (represent members of iterable) - Iterable
[9]: # [ output expression for iterator variable in iterable if predicate expression␣
↪]
# Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits␣
↪with the letter "a" in the name. Without list comprehension you will have to␣
↪write a for statement with a conditional test inside:
4
January 18, 2024
1 Summary
[1]: %matplotlib inline
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas import DataFrame
import scipy
from nose.tools import assert_equal
from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal, assert_array_almost_equal
import random
from collections import Counter
1.1 Python Data Types
Float: real numbers
Int: integer numbers
Str: string
Bool: True, False
1.1.1 List vs. tuple vs. set vs. dict
Lists[] are used to store multiple items in a single variable. List items are ordered, changeable and
allow duplicate values.
Sets{} are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A set is a collection which is unordered,
unchangeable* and do not allow duplicate values.
Frozenset is just an immutable version of a Python set object. While elements of a set can be
modified at any time, elements of the frozen set remain the same after creation. Due to this, frozen
sets can be used as keys in Dictionary or as elements of another set.
*Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove items and add new items.
Tuples() are used to store multiple items in a single variable. A tuple is a collection which is
ordered, unchangeable and allow duplicate values
1
, Dict{} are used to store data values in key:value pairs. A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*,
changeable and do not allow duplicate values.
*Note: As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries
are unordered.
1.2 Python Objects/Classes
Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods. Objects get their
variables and functions from classes. Classes are essentially a template to create your objects. A
Class is like an object constructor, or a “blueprint” for creating objects.
[2]: class MyClass:
x = 5
y = MyClass()
print(y.x)
5
1.3 Subsetting / List slicing
[3]: names = ["Jan", "Piet", "Klaas", "Kees", "Anne"]
# index 4 is uitgesloten
print(names[2:4], names[3:])
['Klaas', 'Kees'] ['Kees', 'Anne']
1.4 For-loops
[4]: # Voeg een lijst toe van de gewichten
weights = [70, 80, 90, 75, 65]
# Maak een lege lijst voor de namen EN gewichten
name_weight_list = []
# Voeg willekeurige namen en gewichten toe aan de lijst
for i in range(5):
name = random.choice(names)
weight = random.choice(weights)
name_weight_list.append((name, weight)) # Tuples (Een paartje)
# Als list comprehensie:
# name_weight_list = [(random.choice(names), random.choice(weights)) for i in␣
↪range(5)]
print(name_weight_list)
[('Kees', 80), ('Piet', 75), ('Piet', 75), ('Anne', 70), ('Klaas', 80)]
2
, 1.5 Conditionals
1.5.1 if-statement (in loop)
[5]: # Om ervoor te zorgen dat elke naam slechts één keer voorkomt in de lijst:
chosen_names = []
name_weight_list = []
# Voeg willekeurige namen en gewichten toe aan de lijst
for i in range(5):
# Kies een naam die nog niet is gekozen
name = random.choice([name for name in names if name not in chosen_names])
# Voeg de gekozen naam toe aan de lijst van gekozen namen
chosen_names.append(name)
weight = random.choice(weights)
name_weight_list.append((name, weight))
print(name_weight_list)
[('Anne', 70), ('Kees', 90), ('Piet', 65), ('Jan', 75), ('Klaas', 65)]
1.5.2 elif-statement
[6]: number_of_apples = 3
if number_of_apples < 1:
print('You have no apples')
elif number_of_apples == 1:
print('You have one apple')
elif number_of_apples < 4:
print('You have a few apples')
else:
print('You have many apples!')
You have a few apples
1.6 Functions
A function is a piece of reusable code, aimed at solving a particular task. You can call functions
instead of having to write code yourself.
output = function_name(input)
[87]: # Handige functies:
# len()
# max()
# min()
# round()
3
, # sorted()
dieren = ['hond', 'kat', 'paard', 'vogel']
aantal_dieren = len(dieren)
getallen = [5, 2, 8, 1, 3]
gesorteerde_getallen_aflopend = sorted(getallen, reverse=True)
print(gesorteerde_getallen_aflopend, aantal_dieren)
type(aantal_dieren)
[8, 5, 3, 2, 1] 4
[87]: int
1.6.1 Methods
Methods are functions that belong to specific objects.
[8]: # Handige methodes
# .index()
# .append() end of the list
# .insert() specific place
# .remove("appel") of # del fruit[0]
fruit = ["appel", "banaan", "kiwi"]
fruit.insert(1, "peer")
fruit
[8]: ['appel', 'peer', 'banaan', 'kiwi']
1.6.2 Iterable
An iterable is any Python object capable of returning its members one at a time, permitting it to
be iterated over in a for-loop. Familiar examples of iterables include lists, dicts, and strings.
1.7 Comprehensions
1.7.1 List comprehension
List comprehension offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list based on the values
of an existing list.
Components: - Output expression - Iterator variable (represent members of iterable) - Iterable
[9]: # [ output expression for iterator variable in iterable if predicate expression␣
↪]
# Based on a list of fruits, you want a new list, containing only the fruits␣
↪with the letter "a" in the name. Without list comprehension you will have to␣
↪write a for statement with a conditional test inside:
4
