SCI 225 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (SCI 225) EXAM 100+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2024 GRADED A+ LATEST GUIDE.

1. Be familiar with the following terms: pathogenesis, sequel, etiology, idio- pathic, congenital, metabolic degenerative and traumatic: Pathogenesis: de- scribes how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changesin the body that ultimately result in the disease.Sequel:The aftermath of a particulardisease. Etiology:The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. Idiopathic: If the cause of a disease is not known. Congenital: Exist at ordate from birth; can be acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus. Metabolic degenerative: Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorate over time, disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. Traumatic: Physical or chemical injury. 2. Know the two overlapping arms of adaptive immunity (cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity): Humoral immunity is due to the action of antibodies,which are proteins produced by white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells).Cell-mediated immunity provides a defense against viruses, abnormal cells, and other intracellular pathogens, and it is the arm of the immune system responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants. T lympho- cytes (or T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. 3. Be familiar with the Four types of Hypersensitivity and on how they can bedistinguished one from another.: There are several different types of hypersen- sitivity: immediate (or Type I), cytotoxic (or Type II), immune-complex (or Type III), and delayed (or Type IV).Type I is the most common type of allergy.Type I is a localallergy, occurring rapidly where the allergen encountersthe body.TheType I reactionis triggered by IgE, the immunoglobulin that responds to the presence of allergens.Type II hypersensitivity is called cytotoxic because IgM or IgG causesthe destructionof cells. An example of cytotoxic hypersensitivity is the response to an incompatibleblood transfusion.Type III Hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity is called immune-complex hypersensitivity.Type IIIinvolves anti- gens combining with many antibodiesin the blood, forming a soluble mass of antigens and antibodies known as immunecomplexes. These immune complexes deposit in tissues and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue destruction. Type IV Hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivities are called delayed hypersensitivities because they take time to develop following exposure to an allergen. The delay occurs because the allergy isdue to the action of T cells, which require time to recognize the allergen, reproduceand differentiate, and bring about the allergy symptoms. Delayed hypersensitivity 3 / 24 includes the skin reaction to poison ivy or poison oak, contact dermatitis from wearing latex gloves.