Testbank Psychology 2nd Edition for OpenStax 9781975076450

Testbank Psychology 2nd Edition for OpenStax 9781975076450STUDENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology .............................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2: Psychological Research .................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 3: Biopsychology ................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 4: States of Consciousness ............................................................................................. 12 Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception............................................................................................ 16 Chapter 6: Learning ....................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 7: Thinking and IntelligenceReview Questions................................................................... 22 Chapter 8: Memory ........................................................................................................................ 26 Chapter 9: Lifespan Development ................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation ............................................................................................. 31 Chapter 11: Personality Review Questions ...................................................................................... 34 Chapter 12: Social Psychology Review Questions ........................................................................... 38 Chapter 13: Industrial-Organizational Psychology ........................................................................ 43 Chapter 14: Stress, Lifestyle, and Health ...................................................................................... 45 Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders ............................................................................................. 48 Chapter 16: Therapy and Treatment ............................................................................................. 52 2 | P a g eChapter 1: Introduction to Psychology Review Questions 1. Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would beexposed? Answer D. all of the above 3. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) Answer D. proposed explanation 5. . is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. Answer C. Abraham Maslow 7. The operant conditioning chamber (aka box) is a device used to study the principles ofoperant conditioning. Answer A. Skinner 9. An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) . Answer C. personality 11. A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job wouldmost likely identify as a(n) psychologist. Answer D. I-O 13. The places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application oftherapeutic skills. 3 | P a g eAnswer B. PsyD 15. One would need at least a(n) degree to serve as a school psychologist. Answer C. master’s Critical Thinking Questions 17. Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a science? Answer One goal of psychology is the study of the mind. Science cannot directly study the mind, because it isnot a form of matter or energy. This might create some skepticism about the scientific nature of psychology. 19. In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to psychology a reaction to? Answer Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mindwho were studying things that were not directly observable. 21. What are the potential ethical concerns associated with Milgram’s research on obedience? Answer Many people have questioned how ethical this particular research was. Although no one was actually harmed in Milgram’s study, many people have questioned how the knowledge that you would be willingto inflict incredible pain and/or death to another person, simply because someone in authority told you to do so, would affect someone’s self-concept and psychological health. Furthermore, the degree to 4 | P a g ewhich deception was used in this particular study raises a few eyebrows. 23. Other than a potentially greater salary, what would be the reasons an individual would continueon to get a graduate degree in psychology? Answer The graduate degree would be a stronger guarantee of working in a psychology- related field and one would have greater control over the specialty of that work. It would allow one to practice in a clinical setting. In general, it would allow someone to work in a more independent or supervisory capacity. Chapter 2: Psychological Research Review Questions 1. Scientific hypotheses are and falsifiable. Answer D. testable 3. Scientific knowledge is Answer B. empirical 5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in- depth interviews over anextended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): Answer B. case study 7. The major limitation of case studies is . Answer 5 | P a g e . .9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as _. Answer D. archival research 11. A(n) is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paperform. Answer D. survey 13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: Answer D. As height increases, typically weight increases. 15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? Answer D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams. 17. means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked toparticipate in the study. Answer D. random sampling 19. Researchers must important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. Answer C. operationalize 6 | P a g e21. Answer B. IACUC; IRB 23. A person’s participation in a research project must be . Answer C. voluntary is to animal research as is to human research. Critical Thinking Questions 25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different conclusions about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one study determining that a smartphone app forsurgery students seemed effective, but another study finding negative impacts on sleep, communication, and time management resulting from the use of technology by undergraduates. How might an educational leader best work through these discrepancies? Answer An educational leader may be able to focus resources and plans on the specific programs until furtherresearch is conducted that provides insight that can be applied more broadly. 27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular research approach would be especially helpful and why? Answer Case studies might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, ifone wanted to study multiple personality disorder then the case study approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful. 7 | P a g e29. Which of the research methods discussed would be best suited to study the impact of diet andexercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why? Answer Longitudinal research would be an excellent approach in studying how dietary and exercise habits affect the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes because it would follow subjects as they aged to determine how their choices regarding diet and exercise affected the prevalence of diabetes. 31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this information in their advertisements could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they make such a claimand what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim? Answer The cereal companies are trying to make a profit, so framing the research findings in this way would improve their bottom line. However, it could be that people who forgo more fatty options for breakfastare health conscious and engage in a variety of other behaviors that help them maintain a healthy weight. 33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses. What are the implications of using this samplingtechnique? Answer If research is limited to students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses, then our ability to generalize to the larger population would be dramatically reduced. One could also argue that students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses may not be representative of the larger population of college students at their school, much less the larger general population. 35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this perspective? Given that animals do not consent to 8 | P a g ebe involved in research projects, what sorts of extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible? Answer In general, the fact that consent cannot be obtained from animal research subjects places extra responsibility on the researcher to ensure that the animal is treated as humanely as possible and to respect the sacrifice that the animal is making for the advancement of science. Like human research, theanimals themselves should also receive some of the benefits of the research, and they do in the form ofadvanced veterinary medicine, and so on. Chapter 3: Biopsychology Review Questions 1. A(n) is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.Answer D. mutation 3. is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression. Answer C. Epigenetics 5. The receive(s) incoming signals from other neurons. Answer D. dendrites 7. Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the . Answer B. myelin sheath 9. Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the 9 | P a g enervo u ssystem. Answer B. somatic 11. The central nervous system is comprised of . Answer D. brain and spinal cord 13. The is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes beforebeing sent to other areas of the brain for further processing. Answer D. thalamus 15. A(n) Answer B. MRI 17. The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are: Answer D. glucagon and insulin 19. The Answer A. adrenal Critical Thinking Questions 21. The theory of evolution by natural selection requires variability of a given 10 | P a g e gland secretes epinephrine. uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given . Why is variabilitynecessary and where does it come from? Answer Variability is essential for natural selection to work. If all individuals are the same on a given trait, therewill be no relative difference in their reproductive success because everyone will be equally adapted to their environments on that trait. Mutations are one source of variability, but sexual reproduction is another important source of variation given that individuals inherit half of their genetic makeup from each of their parents. 23. Drugs such as lidocaine and novocaine act as Na+ channel blockers. In other words, they prevent sodium from moving across the neuronal membrane. Why would this particular effect make these drugssuch effective local anesthetics? Answer The action potential is initiated by an influx of Na+ into the neuron. If this process is prevented, then no action potentials in neurons in a given area will occur. Therefore, any painful stimuli would not result in action potentials carrying that information to the brain. 25. Examine Figure 3.14, illustrating the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation. How would all of these things play into the fight or flight response?Answer Most of these effects directly impact energy availability and redistribution of key resources and heightened sensory capacity. The individual experiencing these effects would be better prepared to fight or flee. 27. Which of the techniques discussed would be viable options for you to determine how activity in thereticular formation is related to sleep and wakefulness? Why? Answer The most viable techniques are fMRI and PET because of their ability to provide information about brainactivity and structure simultaneously. 11 | P a g e29. Chemical messengers are used in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. What properties do these two systems share? What properties are different? Which one would be faster?Which one would result in long-lasting changes? Answer Both systems involve chemical messengers that must interact with receptors in order to have an effect. The relative proximity of the release site and target tissue varies dramatically between the two systems.In neurotransmission, reuptake and enzymatic breakdown immediately clear the synapse. Metabolism ofhormones must occur in the liver. Therefore, while neurotransmission is much more rapid in signaling information, hormonal signaling can persist for quite some time as the concentrations of the hormone in the bloodstream vary gradually over time. Chapter 4: States of Consciousness Review Questions 1. The body’s biological clock is located in the Answer C. hypothalamus 3. . cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours. Answer B. circadian 5. Growth hormone is secreted by the while we sleep. Answer C. pituitary gland 7. is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythmsand immune function. Answer 12 | P a g eB. melatonin 9. is(are) described as slow-wave sleep. Answer C. stage 3 and stage 4 11. Symptoms of may be improved by REM deprivation. Answer C. depression 13. is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. Answer C. cataplexy 15. The most common treatment for involves the use of amphetamine-like medications. Answer D. narcolepsy 17. occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experiencethe same effects of the drug. Answer C. tolerance 19. refers to drug craving. Answer A. psychological dependence 13 | P a g e21. is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion. Answer A. hypnosis 23. Meditation may be helpful in Answer D. both A and B (pain management and stress control) Critical Thinking Questions 25. Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done todeal with potential problems? Answer Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more