cnpr exam( 100% Solved )

cnpr exam approvable letter - ANS letters sent by the FDA to the applicant indicating whether the new drug application meets necessary requirements. asymptomatic - ANS without sings or symptoms of disease. blinded or masked study - ANS a study in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group in a research study. control or control group - ANS the standard by which experimental observations are evaluated. double-blind or double masked study - ANS one in which neither the participants nor the study staff know which participants are receiving the experimental treatment and which ones are getting either a standard treatment or a placebo. edema - ANS swelling. fast-track drugs - ANS fast-track approval is provided for drugs that meet medical needs for patients with serious or life-threatening conditions. indication - ANS in terms of drugs approval, the exact cause or purpose for which the FDA has approved that a drug can be prescribed institutional review board (IRB) - ANS committee of physicians, statisticians, community advocated, and others which ensure that a clinical trial is ethical and that the rights of the study participants are protected. All clinical trials must be approved by an IRB before they begin. off label - ANS usage of a medication for purposes other than the specific ones appearing in the labeling. placebo - ANS inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value. placebo effect - ANS the effect produced by a placebo due to the expectations of the patient. study protocol - ANS the general design and operating features of a trial. it is distinguished from the study manual of operations by its generality and absence of specific details needed for day-to-day execution of the trial. toxicity - ANS the extent, quality, or degree to which a substance is a poisonous or harmful to the body. treatment group - ANS a group of patients assigned to receive a specified treatment. anatomy - ANS study of the basic structures of the body. physiology - ANS study of how those body structures function. clinical pharmacology - ANS study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body. how many prescriptions are dispensed in the united states each year? - ANS 3 billion. pharmacodynamics - ANS study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. pharmacokinetics - ANS study of how a drug is processed by the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution, and method of excretion. the study of how the body affects drugs. drug distribution and elimination - ANS drug delivery systems, route of administration, modes of excretion. drug - ANS a substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body or mind. what are the three names of drugs? - ANS chemical name, generic name, and one or more trade names. chemical name - ANS describes the atomic or molecular structure of the drug. generic name - ANS legal noncommercial name for a drug. trade name - ANS chosen by the pharmaceutical company that manufactures or distributes the drug. pharmakon - ANS medicine logos - ANS study pharmacology - ANS study of medicine aminoglycosides - ANS class of antibiotics that are useful in the treatment of many infectious diseases. ADME testing - ANS measures the rate at which the body absorbs the drug, distributes it to the organs necessary to produce the desired effect, metabolizes it into waste material and then excretes it from the body. absorption - ANS how the drug passes from its site of administration into the bloodstream. distribution - ANS how the drug is dispersed among the organs of the body after it is absorbed into the bloodstream, and how much reaches the target organs. metabolism - ANS how the active part of the drug is metabolized into a more water-soluble compound that can be readily excreted by the kidneys. excretion - ANS how the drug is eliminated from the body. placebos - ANS substances that appear to be drugs but are not. margin of safety - ANS the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life threatening side effects. what are the five rights of drug administration? - ANS right patient, right medication, right dose, right route of administration, and right time of delivery. inhalation - ANS drugs taken through the lungs by inhaling in aerosol form. injection routes - ANS administration by injection (parenteral administration) includes the subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intrathecal routes. intramuscular injection - ANS drugs given by injection into muscle tissue such as: buttocks, upper arm, or thighs. intrathecal injection - ANS needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower spine and into the space around the spinal cord. intravenous or IV - ANS refers to drugs injected directly into the veins. subcutaneous injection - ANS needle is inserted into fatty tissue just beneath the skin. oral administration (PO) - ANS refers to tablets, capsules, and liquids taken by the mouth. rectal route - ANS drugs that are administered orally can also be administered rectally as a suppository. vaginal route - ANS drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, or suppository. sublingual route - ANS drugs taken under the tongue and absorbed directly and almost immediately into the blood stream through the mucous membranes of the mouth. ocular route - ANS drugs used to treat eye disorders. nasal route - ANS drug is to be breathed in and absorbed through the thin mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages, must be transformed into tiny droplets in air (atomized). topical or cutaneous - ANS drugs administered through the skin for local effects on that area of the skin. transdermal route - ANS drugs taken through the skin into systematic circulation, such as through a patch. first stage - ANS involves prescribing or ordering medication. second stage - ANS when the medication is dispensed to patients or consumers. third stage - ANS when the medication is administered and monitored for side effects. drug absorption - ANS movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. bioavailability - ANS how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action. drug distribution - ANS the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body. drug metabolism - ANS chemical alteration of a drug by the body. drug elimnation - ANS removal of drugs from the body. last stage of pharmokinetics. preparations for oral use - ANS oral drug may appear in solid form (tablets, capsules, or powders) OR liquid form (solutions, elixirs, or suspensions). powders - ANS a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles. pills - ANS a single-dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with a liquid such as syrup and rolling into a round or oval shape. granules - ANS a small pill, usually accompanied by many others encased within a gelatin capsule. tablets - ANS made by compressing the powdered form of a drug and bulk-filling material under high pressure. capsules - ANS medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in a external shell. sustained release - ANS drug forms contain several doses of a drug. drug delivery formulations designed to delay the absorption process so that a drug can be given in fewer doses. enteric coating - ANS special coating that keeps tablets and capsules from dissolving in the stomach. caplets - ANS shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet. the shape and film coated covering make swallowing easier. gel caps - ANS an oil-based medication that is enclosed in a soft gelatin capsule. liquid drugs - ANS drugs that have been dissolved or suspended: syrups, solutions, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, gels/jellies, lotions, aerosols, magmas. syrups - ANS aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of sugars, syrups, and linctuses may or may not have medical substances added (simple syrups and ipecac syrup). solutions - ANS drug dissolved in an appropriate solvent. elixirs - ANS drug vehicle that consists of water, alcohol, and sugar. fluid extracts - ANS a concentrate solution of a drug removed from a plant source by mixing ground parts of the plant with a suitable solvent and then separating the plant residue from the solvent. mixtures and suspensions - ANS an agent is mixed with a liquid but not dissolved. tinctures - ANS alcoholic preparations of a soluble drug, usually from a plant source. solution may also contain water. spirits and essences - ANS alcohol-containing liquids that may be used pharmaceutically as solvents. magmas - ANS contain particles suspended in a liquid, and exhibit a more pasty quality in their consistency than other suspensions. troches or lozenges - ANS hard or semisolid dosage from containing a medication intended for local application in the mouth or throat. aerosols - ANS are frequently delivered by oral inhalers or nebulizers that allow for rapid absorption into the blood circulation. injectable drugs - ANS available as powders or solutions. topical drugs - ANS applied to the skin. liniments - ANS liquid suspensions for external application to the skin to relieve pain and swelling. semisolid drugs - ANS often used for topical application. soft and pliable. gels or jellies - ANS semisolid substances in non fatty bases that may be used for topical application. emulsion - ANS two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed. creams - ANS usually white and contains a drug incorporated into both an aqueous and an oily-base. lotion - ANS drug in a water base for external use. ointments - ANS aqueous or oily base for local protective and soothing application for systemic effects. cells - ANS basic structural and functional units of the body and all living organisms. cell membrane - ANS outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. cell membrane receptors - ANS specific molecules on the cell membrane surface that produces or block biological activity in the presence of a specific substance to which they bind. nucleus - ANS brain of the cell that regulates all activities. some cells do not have a nucleus. cytoplasm/protoplasm - ANS substance inside the outer membrane and outside of the nucleus. contains most of the intracellular fluid. extracellular fluid - ANS body fluid located between or outside cells. consists of interstitial fluid or fluid between cells and intravascular fluid or fluid within the blood such as plasma. tissues - ANS groups of cells with a common structure and function. organs - ANS specialized cells and tissues grouped together to perform a specific body function for a common purpose. (ex: kidney, heart, intestines, and skin). what are the three types of muscle tissues? - ANS skeletal, smooth, and cardiac voluntary movements - ANS directed and controlled consciously by the brain. involuntary movements - ANS occur without conscious direction and control from the brain. plasma - ANS liquid portion of the blood that carried proteins and other substances. proteins - ANS made up of chains of amino acids. fats - ANS stored in special body tissues as a great source of reserve energy. necessary for growth and other body functions such as absorption of some vitamins. carbohydrates - ANS body's immediate source of energy. broken down into glucose and used for immediate metabolic reactions. vitamins - ANS necessary for growth, development, and normal regulation of metabolic processes. MUST be taken from outside of body. minerals - ANS necessary for bodily processes like the balance of the body fluids, formation, and maintenance of bones and teeth, and the proper functioning of muscles. what are the main minerals? - ANS calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorous, iodine. cardiovascular system - ANS heart, blood vessels, and blood itself. body's main transportation system. provides nutrients and hormones, plus removes waste from cells. respiratory system - ANS nasal passages, trachea, diaphragm, lungs. performs exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and environment. gastrointestinal system - ANS mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestine. used by body to acquire energy and nutrients it needs to sustain itself. nervous system - ANS brain, spinal cord, nerves. conducts electrical signals throughout the body and allows it to interact properly with its environment. musculoskeletal system - ANS muscles, bones, other minor systems. responsible for the body's basic frame support, movement, and to perform physical work. reproductive system - ANS major role is to manufacture, transmit, and maintain the cells for reproduction. immune system - ANS lymph nodes, vessels, cells. major purpose is to attack and remove foreign substances and microbes. removes excess fluids from the body. plasters - ANS composition of liquid and powder that hardens when dry. transdermal patches - ANS release a very small amount of a drug at a consistent rate, which absorbed into the skin and then carried off by capillary blood supply. gaseous drugs (inhalation drugs) - ANS compressed gases comprise oxygen or carbon dioxide. ophthalmic drugs - ANS include drops and ointments that are instilled into the eye for a local effect. otic drugs - ANS for the ears, otic medications can control localized infections or inflammation. API - ANS active pharmaceutical ingredient. agonists - ANS drugs that attract or bind to cell receptors in order to mimic or enhance endogenous chemical messengers. antagonists - ANS drugs that interfere with destructive or undesirable cell functions. binders - ANS cement the active and inert components of tablets together to maintain cohesive portions. fillers (diluents) - ANS used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and patient consumption. glidants (flow enhancers) - ANS added to powdered materials used in pill production to aid movement through tabletting machinery. colors - ANS include a wide variety of dyes and coloring agents approved by the FDA for pharmaceutical use. flavors - ANS both natural and synthetic, amendments to improve drug palatability. suspending/dispersing agents - ANS maintain a consistent concentration of the active ingredient throughout a drug product. disintegrants - ANS help break up the tablets in the gastrointestinal tract to ensure full release of the pharmaceutical active ingredient. lubricants - ANS ease the release of tablets from the dies that stamp them during the manufacturing process. compression aids - ANS help pills hold their shape when compressed. sweeteners (both with sugar and sugar-free) - ANS extremely common in oral medications, particularly in medicines for children. printing inks - ANS biologically safe dyes used for printing information or company logos on the exterior of tablets or capsules. film former/ coatings - ANS protect against physical breakup during storage and undesirable interactions with substances in which drugs come into contact. adverse reactions - ANS any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug. area under the curve (AUC) - ANS when blood concentration is used to measure bioavailability. BID - ANS twice a day bioequivalence - ANS two pharmaceutical products are bioequivalent if they are pharmaceutically equivalent and their bioavailabilities. blood brain barrier - ANS protective layer of cells surrounding the blood vessels that feed blood to the brain. cmax - ANS peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve. CNS - ANS central nervous system. CSF - ANS cerebrospinal fluid. drug-drug interaction - ANS physiologically significant effects produced by the interaction of two drugs in the body. drug-food interaction - ANS physiological effects produced by the interaction of food and a given drug. duration of action - ANS time interval within which a given dose of a drug is expected to have therapeutic effect. elimination - ANS process by which a drug or its metabolites are removed from the body. first pass effect - ANS metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action. half-life of a drug - ANS period of time it takes for a specific amount of drug in the body to be reduced. homeostasis - ANS state of constant, consistent, and balances internal environment in the body. liquid-soluble - ANS ability to dissolve in lipids or fat tissue. maximum effective dose - ANS highest dose beyond which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect. mechanism of action - ANS the process by which a given drug works in the body to achieve its intended therapeutic effect. minimum effective dose - ANS lowest dose of a drug that can be given to a patient to produce any therapeutic effect. onset of action - ANS time it takes for a drug to start having any intended effect after it is administered. PRN - ANS as needed. protein binding - ANS ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein. QD - ANS once a day. QID - ANS four times a day. side effects - ANS actions or effects of a drug beyond what it is clinically intended to do. STAT - ANS immediately. steady state - ANS a given dose of a drug is being taken at regular intervals. TID - ANS three times a day. titration - ANS process of adjusting drug doses to achieve maximum positive therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse or side effects. tmax - ANS time of peak plasma concentration of a measuring curve. primary wholesale distributors - ANS buy most of their drugs directly from manufacturers. legally considered authorized distributors within the meaning of the PDMA because they usually have ongoing relationships with manufacturers. secondary wholesale distributors - ANS buy from a primary and other secondary wholesalers as well as manufacturers but are not considered authorized distributors of the manufacturers within the meaning of the PDMA. authorized distributor - ANS any distributor of a prescription drug that has a written agreement with the manufacturers of the prescription drug and conducts at least two transactions with the manufacturer of the prescription drug within any 24-month period. average wholesale price (AWP) - ANS published wholesale price list suggested by the manufacturer. brokerage - ANS the combination of -drop ship and dock to dock delivery services provided by wholesalers. wholesalers do not bring the product into their warehouses. buy-side margin - ANS refers to the early payment discounts and other earned or negotiated rebated and discounts received by wholesalers from drug manufacturers. chain drug store - ANS company that owns and operates four or more pharmacies. dock-to-dock delivery - ANS wholesaler obtain the drugs from the manufacturer and delivers them to a dispenser's own warehouse without taking the drugs into its own inventory. drop shipment - ANS a drug manufacturer directly delivers the drugs to a dispenser, but the order and payments are made through a wholesaler. float - ANS time differential between when a wholesaler receives payment from its customer. group purchasing organization (GPO) - ANS an entity consisting of two or more hospitals or other healthcare entities that is formed to offer its members access to purchasing contracts for health supplies in-state wholesaler - ANS wholesaler that distributes drug products in a state in which it is physically located. independent drug store - ANS company that owns and operates three of fewer pharmacies. integrated delivery network (IDN) - ANS a financial management structure that unites hospitals, physicians ambulatory care site and managed care plans through ownership or exclusive formal agreements to provide a system to deliver a continuum of healthcare services. mail-order pharmacy - ANS pharmacy that dispenses prescriptions to patients who submit their prescriptions by mail or fax. manufacturer-direct sale - ANS type of sale that bypasses the need for any intermediary distributor. product is sold and shipped directly by the manufacturer to the dispenser. mass merchandiser - ANS department stores with a pharmacy. non-stock sales - ANS brokerage sales, dock to dock sales, delivery sales, drop shipments, and any other form of sales not placed in inventory. out-of-state wholesaler - ANS wholesaler that distributes drug products in a state in which it is not physically located in. pharmacy benefit management company - ANS entity that administers the prescription drug part of health insurance plans on behalf of plan sponsors. rebate - ANS amount that the manufacturer of the drug pays to an insurer or health plan for each unit of drug dispensed. self-warehousing - ANS type of distribution system where the retailer of the institutional dispenser takes on the task of distribution itself. sell-side margin - ANS wholesaler revenues that are generated from fees and other charges obtained from dispensers. upcharge - ANS percentage free that is paid by the dispenser to the wholesaler for the cost of distribution. chemical equivalents - ANS multi-source products which contain essentially the same amounts of identical active ingredients in identical dosage forms which meet existing physical chemical standards. biological equivalence - ANS chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same biological or physiological availability as measured by blood and urine levels. therapeutic equivalents - ANS chemical equivalents which, when administered in the same amounts, will provide the same therapeutic effects as measured by the control of a symptom or disease. generic substitution - ANS the act of dispensing a different brand for the product prescribed. pharmaceutical alternatives - ANS drug products that have the same therapeutic effect and strength but differ in the salt, ester or dosage form and are administered by the same rout. pharmaceutical substitution - ANS act of dispensing a pharmaceutical alternative for the product prescribed. therapeutic alternatives - ANS drugs products containing different therapeutic moietics but of the same pharmacological of therapeutic class that can be expected to have similar therapeutic effects when administered in therapeutically equivalent doses. abstract concept - ANS starting point for measurement, abstract concept is best understood as a general idea in linguistic form that helps us describe reality. association - ANS measurable change in one variable that occurs concurrently with with change in another variable. constant - ANS an attribute of a concept that does not vary. construct validity - ANS extent to which a test adequately represents the subject-matter content or behavior to be measured. continuous variable - ANS a measure that can take on any value within a given interval or set of intervals. dependent variable - ANS variable that depends on variations of another variable. discrete variable - ANS a measure that is represented by a limited number of values. face validity - ANS evaluated whether the indicator appears to measure the abstract concept. independent variable - ANS variable that is manipulated to affect variations or responses in another variable. interval data - ANS variables that classify objects according to type and logical order. nominal data - ANS variables that classify objects according to type or characterisitic. operationalize - ANS to create a measure of an abstract concept. ordinal data - ANS variables that classify objects according to type or kind but also have some logical order. predicitive validity - ANS ability of an indicator to correctly predict an outcome. random variable - ANS potential value is influenced by chance. ratio data - ANS variables have zero starting point and classify objects according to type and logical order. reliability - ANS consistency of measurement. spurious association - ANS association between two variables that can be better explained by or depends greatly on a third variable. statistical control - ANS holding the value of one variable constant in order to clarify associations among other variables. validity - ANS extent to which a measurment is an accurate representation of the concepts. variable - ANS measure of a concept that can take on more than one value from one observation to the next. a(=intercept constant) - ANS point at which the regression line intercepts the y-axis. absolute value - ANS positive value of a number, regardless of whether the number is positive or negative. absolute value of "a" is symbolized as lal. addition rule - ANS the probability that two or more mutually exclusive events that occur are the sum of the probabilities of each individual event. age specific mortality rate - ANS mortality rate in a specific age group. alpha(a) - ANS probability of a type I error. alternative hypothesis - ANS opposite of null hypothesis. analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) - ANS special type of analysis of variance and regression utilized to control for the effect of possible cofounding variable. analysis of variance (ANOVA) - ANS statistical procedure that determined whether any differences exist between two or more groups of study subjects on one or more factors. "F" test is used. bar graph - ANS used for nominal or ordinal data. bell-shaped distribution - ANS used to describe the shape of the normal (or Gaussian) distribution base - ANS error related to the ways the targeted and sampled populations differ, also called measurement error. binary observation - ANS nominal measure that has only two outcomes. binomial distibution - ANS probability distribution that describes the number or success. biometrics - ANS study of measurement and statistical analysis to applications in medicine, biology, nutrition and agriculture. biostatistics - ANS the application of research study design and statistical analysis to applications in medicine and biology. blind study - ANS experimental study in which subjects do not know the treatment they are receiving. block design - ANS designs in which subjects within each block are assigned to a different treatments case-control - ANS observation study that begins with patients who have outcome or disease being investigated and control subjects who do not have the outcome or disease. classes or class limits - ANS subdivision of a numerical characteristic in a table or graph. clinical epidemiology - ANS application of the science of epidemiology to clinical medicine and decision making. clinical trial - ANS experimental study of a drug or procedure in which the subjects are human beings. cluster analysis - ANS advances statistical method that determines a classification from multiple measures of a set of objects or subjects. cohort - ANS group of subjects who remain together in the same study over time. cohort study - ANS begins with a study of subjects who have a risk factor and who do not. both sets followed. concurrent controls - ANS assigned to a placebo or control condition during the same period that an experimental treatment or procedure being evaluated. conditional probability - ANS the probability of an event ( A ), given that another ( B ) has already occurred. confidence bond - ANS lines on each side of a regression line or curve that have a given probability of containing the line or curve in the population. confidence limits - ANS limits of a confidence interval. limits are computed from sample data and have a given probability that the unknown parameter is located between them. conservative - ANS term used to describe a statistical test if it reduces the chances of type error. contingency table - ANS table used to display counts or frequencies for two or more nominal or quantitative variables. contingency coefficient - ANS non-parametric technique to measure the relationship between the two nominal level variables. cross-over study - ANS clinical trial in which each group of subjects receives two or more treatments, but in different sequences. demography - ANS the study of population. descriptive statistics - ANS statistics that summarize the data collected in a study. discrete scale - ANS scale used to measure a numerical characteristic that has integer values. discriminant function - ANS mathematical function that contributes information from predictor variables to obtain the maximum discrimination between groups. dot plot - ANS graphic method for displaying the frequency distribution of numerical observations fro one or more groups. double blind trials - ANS clinical trial in which neither the subject or the investigator know which treatment subjects have received. effect or effect size - ANS impact made by the independent variable on the dependent variable or the magnitude of difference or relationship. efficiency - ANS degree to which the test result and the diagnosis agree. error term - ANS difference between the predicted value and the actual value of the outcome (dependent) variable in regression. also called "residual" estimation - ANS process of using info from a sample to draw conclusions about the values of parameters in a population. experiment (in probability) - ANS planned process of data collection. experimental study - ANS comparative study involving an intervention. called a trial when human subjects are involved. exponential probability distribution - ANS probability distribution used in models of survival or decay. factor - ANS group of items that "belong" together. factor analysis - ANS advances statistical method for analyzing the relationships among a set of items or indicators to determine two factors or dimensions that underlie them. false-negative (FN) - ANS test result that is negative in a person who has the disease. false-positive (FP) - ANS test result that is positive in a person who does not have the disease. first quartile - ANS 25th percentile (P25) fishers exact test - ANS exact test of 2x2 contingency tables. used when the sample size is too small to use the chi-square test. forward selection - ANS procedure for selection of the best set of variables for prediction of a dependent variable. frequency - ANS number of times a given value of an observation occurs. also called counts. functional status - ANS measure of a persons ability to perform his or her daily activities, often called activities or daily living. game theory - ANS process of assigning subjective probabilities to outcomes from a decision. genetic statistics - ANS statistics generated with methodologies utilized and developed for the study of mutation, migration, in-breeding and natural selection constitute genetic statistics. gold standard - ANS diagnostic testing, a procedure that always identifies the true condition. goodness of fit statistic - ANS measure of how the data will fit the model. graphs - ANS usual representation of frequency distributions. hawthorne effect - ANS bias introduced into an observational study when the subjects know they are in a study. hazard function - ANS probability that a person dies in a certain time interval. hazard ratio - ANS ratio risk of the outcome. health and medical statistics - ANS branches of medicines dealing with the applications of statistical methods and generation of statistics for the study of health and medicine. histogram - ANS graph of frequency distribution of numerical observation fro interval or ratio data. hypothesis - ANS formal statement of the expected relationship between variables or differences between groups. indentification - ANS necessary condition for conductions confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model building. imputation - ANS estimation of missing values in a data set based on prior knowledge. incidence - ANS rate giving the proportion of people who develop a given disease or condition within a specified period of time. independent events - ANS events whose occurrence or outcome has no effect on the probability of the other. indicator - ANS measured variable in structured equation models; may also be called manifest variable. inference (statstical) - ANS process of drawing conclusions about a population of observations from a sample of observations. interaction - ANS relationship between two independent variables such that they have a different effect on the dependent variable. intercept - ANS regression equation, intercept is the predicted value of "y" when "x" is equal to zero. inter-quartile range - ANS range of values extending from the first to the third quartile or from the 25th to 75th percentile. jackknife - ANS method of cross-validation in which one observation at a time is left out of the sample. joint probability - ANS probability of two events occurring together. kappa - ANS statistic used to measure inter-rater or an intra-rater agreement for nominal measures. latency effects - ANS interaction between treatments in repeated measures design. life table analysis - ANS method for analyzing survival times for censored observations that have been grouped into intervals. likelihood - ANS probability of an outcome or event happening. likelihood ratio - ANS diagnostic testing, the ratio of "true positives" to the "false-positives". line chart - ANS chart to show many changes overtime for many periods of time, or to place emphasis on a particular factor. linear combination - ANS weighted average of a set of variables of measures. list-wise deletion - ANS cases (or subjects) are dropped from analysis if they have any missing data. logistic regression - ANS technique designed to determined which variables affect the probability of an event. log-linear analysis - ANS statistical method for analyzing the relationships among three or more nominal variable. longitudinal study - ANS study that takes place over an extended period of time. marginal frequencies - ANS row and column frequencies in a contingency table. listed on the margins of the table. marginal probability - ANS row and column probabilities in a contingency table. matching (or matched groups) - ANS process of making two groups homogeneous on possible confounding factors. mean (arithmetic mean) - ANS the most common measure of central tendency. meaningfulness - ANS clinical or substantive meaning of the results of central tendency. mean replacement - ANS substitution of the mean of the distribution for missing values on a specific variable. median - ANS middle value of subject in a set or ordered numbers. measures of dispersion - ANS summary numbers that describe the variation in observations about the mean/mode/median. medline - ANS system that permits search of bibliographic database of all articles in journals included in INDEX, MEDICUS. mode - ANS value of a numerical variable that occurs most frequently. model or modeling - ANS statistical statement of the relationship among variables sometimes based upon a theoretical model. morbidity rate - ANS number of patients in a defined population who develop morbid condition over a specified period of time. mortality rate - ANS number of details in a defined population over a specified period. multiple comparisons - ANS comparisons resulting from many statistical tests performed for the same observations. multiple-comparison procedure - ANS method for comparing several means. multicollinearity - ANS interrelatedness of independent variables. multiple correlation - ANS relationship between on dependent variable (y) and weighted composite of predictor variables. mutually exclusive events - ANS two or more events for which the occurrence of one event precludes the occurrence. nominal - ANS simplest scale of measurement. used for characteristics that have no numerical values. non-directed test - ANS called a "two-tailed test". non-probability sample - ANS sample selected in such a way that the probability of a subject is selected is unknown. non-randomized trial - ANS clinical trial in which subjects are assigned to treatments on other than a randomized basis. null hypothesis - ANS hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. number needed to treat - ANS 1/absolute risk reduction. numerical scale - ANS highest level of measurement. used for characteristics that can be given numerical values; the differences between numbers have meaning (examples are height, weight, blood pressure level). also called an interval or ratio scale. objective probability - ANS estimate of probability from observable events or phenomena. observational study - ANS does not involve an intervention or manipulation. odds - ANS probability that an event will occur divided by the probability the event will not occur. one-tailed test - ANS used with directional hypothesis that proposes extreme values are in one tail of the distribution. outcome (in an experiment) - ANS result of an experiment or trail. outcome variable - ANS dependent or criterion variable in a study. "P" value - ANS probability of observing a result as extreme as or more extreme than the one actually observed from chance alone. parameters - ANS characteristics of the population. parametric tests - ANS statistical test based on assumption that the sample is representative of the population and the scores are normally distributed. percentage - ANS proportion multiplied by 100 percentiles - ANS describe the relative position of a specific store. pie-chart - ANS circle that is partitioned into percentage distributions of qualitative variables. point estimate - ANS single number that serves as the estimate of the population parameter. polygon - ANS graph for interval or ratio level variables that is the equivalent of the histogram but appears smoother. pole - ANS questionnaire administered to a sample of people often about a single issue. pooled standard deviation - ANS used in the independent groups "t" test when the standard deviations in the two groups are equal. population - ANS collection of observations or subjects that have something in common. power - ANS reliability of a test statistic detect a specified alternative hypothesis. pretest odds - ANS diagnostic testing, the odds that a patient has given a disease or condition before a diagnostic truly a rate, although it is often incorrectly called prevalence rate. prevalence - ANS proportion of people who have given disease or condition at a specified point in time. probability - ANS number of times an outcome occurs in the total number of trials taken place. probability distribution - ANS frequency distribution of a random variable which may be empirical or theoretical vations. prospective study - ANS study designed before data are collected. qualitative observation - ANS characteristics measured on nominal scale. quantitative observation - ANS measured on a numerical scale; the resulting numbers have inherent meaning. quartiles - ANS first quartile is the 25th percentile, second quartile 50th percentile, third percentile is 75th, and fourth is 100th. randomization - ANS assignment of individuals to groups by chance. random sample - ANS a sample of "n" subjects selected from a population so that each has a known chance of being a sample. random variable - ANS variable in a study in which subjects are randomly selected or randomly assigned to the treatments. range - ANS difference between the largest and smallest observations in the distribution. ranking scale - ANS question format on an interview or survey in which responders are asked to rate from (1 to options listed). rank-order scale - ANS scale for observations arranged according to their size from lowest to highest or vice versa. ranks - ANS set of observations arranged according to their size from lowest to highest or vice versa. rate - ANS proportion associated with a multiplier, called the base and computed over a specified period. ratio - ANS part divided by another part; it is the number of observations with the characteristic of interest divided by the number without the characteristic. raw data matrix - ANS matrix containing raw scored for each subject on each variable. rows represent subjects, and the columns represent variables. regression (of y on x) - ANS process of determining a prediction equation for predicting "y" from "x". reliability - ANS measure of reproducibility of a measurement. representative population (or Sample) - ANS population or sample that is similar in important ways to the population to which the findings of a study are generalized. research problems - ANS question that can be answered by collecting and analyzing factual data. residual - ANS difference between the predicted value and the actual value of the outcome (dependent) variable in regression. risk - ANS number of occurrences of an events out of the total. risk factor - ANS term used to designate a characteristic that is more prevalent among subjects who develop a given outcome than among subjects who do not. sample - ANS subject of the population. sampled population - ANS population from which the sample is actually selected. sample size - ANS number of subjects included in the study. sampling distribution (of a statistics) - ANS frequency distribution of the statistics from many samples. used to make inferences about statistic from a single sample. scale of measurement - ANS degree of precision with which a characteristic is measured. self-controlled study - ANS study in which the subjects serve as their own controls, achieved by measuring the characteristic of interest before and after an intervention. sensitivity - ANS proportion of people with a disease who have a positive test result. sensitive test has a low false-negative rate. sex-specific mortality rate - ANS mortality rate specific to either males or females. significance test - ANS statistical calculation that assigns a probability to a statistical estimate; a small probability implies a significant result. simple random sample - ANS random sample in which each of the n subjects (or objects) in the sample has an equal chance of being selected. specific rate - ANS rate that pertains to specific group or segment of the observation. standard deviation (SD) - ANS measure of variation of scored around the mean. standard error (SE) - ANS standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic such as a mean. statistics - ANS science or field of study that is concerned with obtaining, describing and interpreting data with the characteristics of samples. statistical significance - ANS generally interpreted as a result that would occur by chance. statistical test - ANS procedure used to test the null hypothesis (H0). structured abstract - ANS journal article abstract that contains short, precise descriptions of the context of the study, the objective, design, the setting and participants, the methods of interventions, mains outcomes, results, and conclusions. structural equation modelings - ANS method of testings theoretical models that analyzes covariances. tests a measurement model and a theoretical model makeup of measured and latent variables. survey - ANS observational study that generally has a cross-sectional design; a commonly used designs to collect opinions. survival analysis - ANS statistical methods for analyzing survival data when there are censored observations. symbols - ANS greek letters that stand for the population parameters and the latin letters that stand for the sample structures. symmetric distribution - ANS distribution that has the same shape on both sides of the mean value. tables - ANS when data are organized into values or categories and then described when titles and captions, the results is a statistical table. target population - ANS population to which the investigator wishes to generalize. testing threshold - ANS diagnostic testing, point at which the optimal decision is to perform a diagnostic test. third quartile - ANS 75th percentile. trial - ANS experiment involving humans, commonly called a clinical trial. trimmed mean - ANS statistical average calculated after removal of certain extreme values. true-negative (TN) - ANS test result that is negative in a person who does not have the disease. true-positive - ANS test result that is positive in a person who has the disease. two-sample "t" test - ANS sustained test used to test the null hypothesis that two independent groups have the same mean. two-tailed test - ANS test used with a non-directional hypothesis in which extreme values are assumed to occur in either tail of the distribution. uncontrolled study - ANS experimental study that has no control subjects. utility - ANS value of different outcomes in a decision tree. validity - ANS property of a measurement that indicates how well it measures the characteristic. variable - ANS characteristic of interest in a study that has different values for different subjects or objects. vital statistics - ANS mortality, fertility, migration and morbidity rates, together with population composition are used in epidemiology and public health. weighted average - ANS number formed by multiplying each number in a set of numbers by a value called a "weight" adding the resulting products, and then dividing by the sum of the weight. within sample independence - ANS observations within the sample are independent of each other. x-axis - ANS horizontal axis of a diagram. y-axis - ANS vertical axis of a diagram. "z" test - ANS statistical test for comparing a mean with a norm or comparing two means for large samples (30 or above). A.A - ANS medication dosage "of each. A.C - ANS medication dosage "before meals" american association of health plans (AAHP) - ANS primate us health plans. includes HMO, PPO's, and URO's. absorption rate - ANS rate at which a drug is taken into a person's bloodstream within a specified time period. AC - ANS anticholinergic side effects (ex. dry mouth, blurred vision). accelerated approval - ANS specialized FDA mechanism implemented in the early 1990's to speed approval of drugs that represent a major advance in addressing serious or life-threatening diseases for which no effective alternative treatment exist. ACE inhibitors - ANS angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. class of drugs to treat cardiovascular conditions. action letter - ANS FDA's official response to NDA. active metabolite - ANS biological active product of a medication's metabolism. actue illness - ANS condition or illness that only lasts for a short period of time. acute - ANS disease is short. AD. LIB - ANS medication dosage "freely" additions - ANS situations where two or more medications are used together and the clinical effect is equal to the sum of their individual effects. adherence - ANS proper use of a medication by a patient. adjuvant - ANS substance that enhances the action of a drug or antigen. ADME - ANS acronym for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. adverse drug reaction - ANS unwanted reaction. adverse effect - ANS unwanted effect a medication may have on a person. adverse event - ANS unanticipated event that involves risk to the subject and that results in harm to the subject or others. AF - ANS atrial fibrillation. affinity - ANS measure of the binding of an antibody to an antigen. agonist - ANS drug capable of combining with receptors to initiate drug actions. alignment - ANS manner in which client responsibilities are allocated among sales representatives in a pharmaceutical company. american medical association (AMA) - ANS national association based in chi that represents more than 700,000 medical doctors. academy of managed care pharmacy (AMCP) - ANS organization for pharmacy directors. american pharmaceutical association (APhA) - ANS national professional society of pharmacists found in 1852. amide - ANS organic compound containing an (O-C-N) group. amino acid - ANS building block of peptides/proteins. amyloid - ANS glycoprotein that is deposited extracellularly in tissues. analgesic - ANS pain reliever. analogue - ANS similar in chemical and physical structure. anaphylaxis - ANS extreme sensitivity and reaction to a foreign substance. ancillary care - ANS supplemental health services that facilitate diagnosis and treatment, including lab work and x-rays. ANDA - ANS abbreviated new drug application. androgen - ANS male specific reproductive hormone. angiotensin - ANS peptide. two forms angiotensin I - ANS converted to angiotensin 2 by an enzyme. angiotensin II - ANS constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure. antagonism - ANS interaction where one medication may reduce the effects of another medication. antibody - ANS protein secreted by B cells when they are stimulated by antigen. antigen - ANS substance, usually protein-based, that stimulated production of antibodies so as to meet the perceived threat. APAP - ANS acetaminophen (tylenol). APC - ANS antigen-presenting cell active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) - ANS part of a drug formulation that is responsible for achieving a therapeutic effect. assay - ANS test or trial. autoimmune disease - ANS disease in which the body's immune system is turned on itself. avidity - ANS strength of binding, especially antibody to antigen. B cells - ANS white blood cells that develop in the bone marrow and are the source of antibodies. aka B lymphocytes. bacillus - ANS rod-shaped bacteria. bacteria - ANS single-cell organisms that can sometimes cause infections, such as strep throat and bacterial pneumonia. bacteriophage - ANS type of virus that destroys bacteria aka phage. beta blocker - ANS class of drugs used for various indications. blinding ligand - ANS molecule that attaches specifically to an active biological molecule or receptor by chemical bonds. biopharmaceuticals - ANS drugs derived from biological sources. biotechnology - ANS use of biological process to develop or manufacture such products as drugs. blood-brain barrie - ANS barrier of cells that surrounded the blood vessels serving the central nervous system. BPC - ANS bulk pharmaceutical chemical. C - ANS constipation. CAM - ANS complementary or alternative medicine. center for biologics evaluation and research (CBER) - ANS arm of the FDA concerned with regulation of most biological products. CD - ANS cluster of differentiation. center for disease control and prevention (CDC) - ANS part of us department of health and human services. center for drug evaluation and research (CDER) - ANS unit of FDA with responsibility for oversight of all non-biological drugs and selected biologics. cDNA - ANS complementary DNA. cell line - ANS collection of cells that will proliferate indefinitely when provided with appropriate space to grow and fresh medium to feed on. cell - ANS fundamental unit of life. central nervous system - ANS system of tissue that includes the spinal cord and brain. CFR - ANS code of federal regulation (FDA). CFTR - ANS cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. cGMP - ANS current good manufacturing practice. chemotherapy - ANS use of toxic drug in the treatment of cancer. CHF - ANS congestive heart failure. circular - ANS FDA-approval info about a medication. clinical effect - ANS response produced by a medication. clincial hold - ANS mechanism that the FDA uses when it is concerned that a study may pose an unreasonable risk to subjects. clinical investigators - ANS professionals charged with overseeing the administration of an experimental compound in clinical trials. clinical pharmacology - ANS study of the effects of medications in humans. clinical trial - ANS research study conducted with patients. closed model - ANS most or all participating physicians are housed in an HMO-owned facility, which typically has an on-site pharmacy. coding systems - ANS process of assigning formal, standardized medical codes to patient medical records. community hosptial - ANS hospitals unaffiliated with an academic institution or teaching facility. compliance - ANS extent to which a patient follows the regimen ordered by the physician during a designated time frame. compound (chemical compound) - ANS distinct substance formed by a chemical union of two or more ingredients in definite proportion to weight. condition - ANS term used synonymously with disease. contradiction - ANS possible risk a medication may provide for patients with certain conditions. entropy - ANS measure of disorder. enzyme - ANS protein synthesized by the body. epidemiology - ANS branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in population. EPO - ANS erythropoietin. EPS - ANS extrapyramidal symptoms. esophagitis - ANS inflammation of the esophagus. EST - ANS expressed sequence tag. ESTRI - ANS electronic standards for transmission of regulatory info. ethical drugs - ANS patented prescription drugs. etiology - ANS origin, or cause of disease or patient's symptoms. ex vivo - ANS outside a living body. excipients - ANS inert substances that are part of almost every drug formulations. excretion - ANS elimination of a drug from the body. expression - ANS info from a gene is transcribed and translated, which results in the production of a protein. fair balance - ANS FDA requirements that drug advertisements and promotions equivalently apprise buyers of positive and negative aspects of medications. family practitioner (FP) - ANS physician who provides health care to anyone. FDA modernization Act of 1997 - ANS designed to streamline clinical research and make it easier to test and marker new drugs. FDA - ANS food and drug administration. federal food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938 - ANS states that manufacturers prove the safety of a drug marketing it. first pass effect - ANS metabolism of an oral medication by the liver before it reaches the body's systemic circulation. formulary - ANS list of drugs that a managed care organization favors for use by its enrollees. formulation - ANS substances comprising all active and inert pharmaceutical ingredients. federal trade commission (FTC) - ANS u.s. regulatory agency with consumer protection and enforcement or antitrust laws. G/GM - ANS medication dosage "gram". GAMP - ANS good automated manufacturing practice. GCP - ANS good clinical practice. gene delivery - ANS the insertion of genes into selected body cells for such uses as: triggering production of therapeutic agents, enhancing susceptibility to a therapeutic agent that has previously been ineffective, reducing susceptibility of healthy cells to a therapeutic agent, and countering the effects of abnormal genes by inserting normal ones. gene mapping - ANS identification of the locations of genes on a chromosome, and the distance between various genes, for the purpose of understanding the importance of genes in disease and illness. gene therapy - ANS insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into cells to treat genetic disordered and chronic disease. general practitioner (GP) - ANS physician involved in general medical practice. generics - ANS copies of drugs for which the patents have expired. genes - ANS microscopic packets that carry DNA. genetic engineering - ANS form of biotechnology in which genetic material is manipulated to produce desired characteristics. genome - ANS entire DNA of cell. genomics - ANS study of genes and gene function. GERD - ANS gastroesophageal reflux disease. GI - ANS gastrointestinal. glidants - ANS category of excipients commonly known as enhancers. GLP - ANS good laboratory practice. glycoconjugate - ANS carbohydrate that is linked to lipid or protein. GMP - ANS good manufacturing practice. GPCR - ANS G-protein coupled receptor. group purchasing organization (GPO) - ANS entity consisting of two or more member hospitals, clinics, or other healthcare entities. GRAS - ANS generally recognized as safe. GT/GTT - ANS medication dosage "drops". H.S - ANS medication dosage "at bedtime". H - ANS medication dosage "hour". HA - ANS headache. half-life - ANS defined as the time required for half of the concentration of a medication to be eliminated from the body. HAMA - ANS human anti-mouse antibody. hemoglobin - ANS oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells. HEPA - ANS high-efficiency particulate air. hepatic - ANS relating to liver. hepatitis - ANS inflammation of the liver. hGH - ANS human growth hormone. HGP - ANS human genome project. health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) - ANS federal law with two main components. 1) qualifying for health 2) protects the security and privacy of health info. HIV - ANS human immunodeficiency virus. health maintenance organization (HMO) - ANS most restrictive form of MCO, which strives to control healthcare and pharmacy costs by placing sharp limits on the network of covered providers and on utilization of services and products. hormone - ANS proteins that are chemical messengers in the body. hospice - ANS special care setting for people who are terminally ill. hospitallist - ANS physician who oversees the care of patients when they are in the hospital. HPLC - ANS high performance liquid chromatography. HTN - ANS hypertension (high blood pressure). hydrophilic - ANS soluble in water. hyrdophobic - ANS insoluble in water. intensive care unit (ICU) - ANS special rooms for patients who are unstable. IDDM - ANS insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. IDN - ANS integrated delivery network. IEC - ANS independent ethic committee. immunology - ANS study of the body's defense mechanisms against foreign materials that may cause disease or infection. immunosuppressant - ANS drug that suppresses the natural functioning of the immune system, mainly used to reduce the chance of rejection of a transplanted organ. in vitro - ANS within a glass, in a test tube, or other artificial environment. IND - ANS investigational new drug. independent practice association (IPA) model - ANS private practice. indicated - ANS FDA-approved for diagnosis or treatment of a symptom, risk factor, condition, or disease. indication - ANS FDA-approved condition for which a medication may be marked. inpatient care - ANS healthcare provided in institutional settings to patients staying for at least 24 hours. instillation - ANS administering a medication into a body orifice. institutional review boards (IRBs) - ANS committee of patient advocated, healthcare professionals, and laypersons who protect the rights and welfare of people in clinical trials. intensivist - ANS physician who specialized in oversight of patients admitted to ICU. intercellular - ANS between cells. intern - ANS physician in training in the first year after graduating medical school. internist - ANS physician who practices internal medicines. intraceullular - ANS within cells. IRB - ANS independent review board. ischemia - ANS low supply of oxygen due to low blood flow. ISO - ANS international organization for standardization. isomer drugs - ANS compounds with the same molecular formula that differ in structure. kinase - ANS enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group. label - ANS FDA-approved info about a medication. LAL - ANS limulus ameboctye lysate. large molecule - ANS synonym for biological compounds. usually injected. launch - ANS initial entry of a drug into the marketplace. LD - ANS lethal dose. LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol - ANS "bad" cholesterol that is carried into the blood and is the main cause of harmful fatty buildup in arteries. increase risk of heart disease. lead - ANS treatment idea that has shown enough promise to warrant being explored further. lifestyle drugs - ANS term used for drugs that enhance quality of life. ligand - ANS molecule that binds to another molecule. ligase - ANS enzyme involved in DNA replication. limulus amebocyte lysate - ANS reagent for determining the quantity of bacterial endotoxins. lipsome - ANS spherical vesicle formed by a lipid enclosing of an aqueous part. loading dose - ANS initial dose of medication that will provide the necessary plasma concentration levels for therapeutic benefit. log p - ANS logarithmic function of the partition coefficient. lupus erythematosus - ANS chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, affection the skin and internal organs. lymphoma - ANS malignant tumor of lymph nodes. MA - ANS marketing authorization. MAb - ANS monoclonal antibody. MAC - ANS maximum allowable carryover. maintenance dose - ANS dose of medication that keeps/maintains the necessary plasma concentration levels for therapeutic benefit. managed care. - ANS private health insurance sector made up of organizations that emphasize controls to ensure cost-effective care. maximum effect dose - ANS lowest dose of medication that will provide the maximum therapeutic benefit. MCB - ANS master cell bank. MCG - ANS microgram (0.001 mg of 1/1,000 mg). mechanism of action - ANS method by which a medication produces its therapeutic effects. medicaid - ANS health insurance program. medical devices - ANS used in diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases or conditions, or to affect the structure or function of the body. medical marketing association - ANS non-profit organization whose membership consists of marketing professionals from the pharmaceutical, medical device, and diagnostic industries. medical science liaisons (MSLs) - ANS healthcare professionals in a pharmaceutical company who work closely with key opinion leaders in relevant therapeutic areas to share findings on clinical trails. medicare part A - ANS known as the hospital insurance component of medicare. part A pays for inpatient hospitals. medicare part B - ANS known as the hospital insurance component of medicare. part B pays for physician services provided outside the hospitals. medicare part D prescription drug benefit - ANS new prescription drug benefits covered under the medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act. medicare - ANS federally funded health insurance for persons age 65 or older. medicine - ANS science of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease and other damage to the body or mind. metabolism - ANS chemical process of transformation. metabolite - ANS product of me