NRS 325: Exam 1 2023

NRS 325: Exam 1 2023 cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS function is normal; all cellular functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis cellular growth - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through mitosis to grow/heal/repair tissues cellular reproduction - CORRECT ANSWERS cells that go through meiosis for sexual reproduction Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in number cellular differentiation - CORRECT ANSWERS mature cells are specialized for different purposes scope of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS normal and functional cell activity ←→ mutations and dysfunctional activity 4 attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. growth 2. reproduction 3. proliferation 4. differentiation atrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS cells decrease in size hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS Increase in cell size Results in enlarged tissue mass metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS little irregular/abnormal change in the nature of a tissue, cells differentiate into cell types not normally found in that location of the body abnormal cells decrease the ___________ of the whole tissue/organ - CORRECT ANSWERS function dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS very irregular/abnormal development, loss of DNA control over differentiation When there is a cellular-level change, nurses can find ________ changes - CORRECT ANSWERS assessment 7 benign characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - Encapsulated - Cells are differentiated/normal = look similar to parent cell - Slowly growing - Slightly vascular = nearby blood vessel - Does not metastasize = does not spread - localized - obstructive Malignant characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS - No capsule - Cells are abnormal: irregular size and shape - Invades tissue - More vascular - Can metastasis - Can direct blood vessels to make more of them true or false: benign tumors do not have capsules - CORRECT ANSWERS false. they do true or false: benign tumors metastasize - CORRECT ANSWERS false true or false: malignant tumors are more similar to parent cells - CORRECT ANSWERS false 9 risk factors for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. age 2. physical activity 3. diet 4. UV exposure 5. pollutants 6. smoking, tobacco 7. chronic inflammation 8 poverty/underserved 9. genes 5 primary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS - Healthy diet - Regular physical activity - Smoking cessation - Avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight - Prophylactic surgery secondary preventions for cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Screenings: Mammograms,Colonoscopy, prostate-specific antigen, guaiac test for occult blood true or false: primary preventions for cancer must be individualized - CORRECT ANSWERS true what does a pathology test (biopsy, cytology, bone marrow aspiration) do? - CORRECT ANSWERS - provides sample of cells/tissu