Hondros Nursing 212 Exam 1

What are the differences of cancer in men than women? -More men than women die from cancer-related deaths each year. -Mortality rate from lung cancer is higher in men (26%.) -Cancer with the highest incidence among men is prostate cancer (19%.) -Men are more likely to develop liver cancer. -Head and neck cancers occur more often in men. What are the differences of cancer in women than men? -Cancer with the highest death rate among women is lung cancer (25%.) -Cancer with the highest incidence among women is breast cancer (30%.) -Thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women. -Women are less likely to have colon cancer screenings. What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade I Histologic rating? Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated (low grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade II Histologic rating? Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated (intermediate grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade III Histologic rating? Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade IV Histologic rating? Cells are immature, primitive (anaplasia), and undifferentiated; cell of origin is hard to determine (high grade.) What does it mean if a tumor has a Grade X Histologic rating? Grade cannot be assessed. What does a Stage 0 cancer indicate? Cancer in situ. What does a Stage I cancer indicate? Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth. What does a Stage II cancer indicate? Limited local spread.What does a Stage III cancer indicate? Extensive local and regional spread. What does a Stage IV cancer indicate? Metastasis (spread of the cancer to a distant site.) What should you teach patients and the public about cancer prevention and early detection? -Limit alcohol use. -Get regular physical activity (e.g., 30 minutes or more of moderate physical activity 5 times weekly.) -Maintain a normal body weight. -Have regular physical examinations. -Obtain regular colorectal screenings. -Avoid cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. -Get regular mammography screening and Pap tests. -Be familiar with your own family history and risk factors for cancer. -Obtain adequate, consistent periods of rest (at least 6 to 8 hours per night.) -Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher. Avoid the use of tanning beds. -Eliminate, reduce or change the perception of stressors and enhance the ability to effectively cope with stress. -Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables and fresh fruits, whole grains, and adequate amounts of fiber. Reduce dietary fat and preservatives, including smoked and salt-cured meats with high nitrate concentrations. What are the warning signs of cancer? -Change in bowel or bladder habits. -A sore that does not heal. -Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice. -Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere. -Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. -Obvious change in a wart or mole. -Nagging cough or hoarseness. What are some problems caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy? -Hyperuricemia -Cardiotoxicity -Pericarditis and Myocarditis -Fatigue-Anorexia -Constipation -Diarrhea -Hepatotoxicty -Nausea and Vomiting -Stomatitis, Mucositis, and Esophagitis -Hemorrhagic Cystitis -Nephrotoxicity -Reproductive Problems -Anemia -Leukopenia -Thrombocytopenia -Alopecia -Chemotherapy-Induced Skin Changes -Radiation Skin Changes (dry to moist desquamation) -Cognitive Changes ("chemo brain") -Intracranial Pressure -Peripheral Neuropathy -Pneumonitis What are some examples of oncologic emergencies? -Spinal Cord Compression -Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) -Third Space Syndrome -Hypercalcemia -Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) -Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) -Cardiac Tamponade -Carotid Artery Rupture