NURS 295 Exam 2 (With complete solution)

Hypovolemia correct answers Decreased blood volume and interstitial fluid ex. severe blood loss, severe dehydration Hypervolemia correct answers Too much extracellular fluid ex. eating high sodium diet causes edema Hypernatremia correct answers Sodium level above 145 mEq/L Causes - dehydration, water deprivation, not enough Na intake, Na loss from sweating Hyponatremia correct answers Sodium level below 135 mEq/L Causes - water intoxication, losing too much sodium, excessive amounts of IV fluid (diluting) Life threatening because brain may swell Normal Potassium Levels correct answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Normal Sodium Levels correct answers 135-145 mEq/L Hypokalemia correct answers K level less than 3 mEq/L causes- constant vomiting/diarrhea muscle weakness Hyperkalemia correct answers K level greater than 5 mEq/L Causes - increased K intake, chronic renal disease Muscle wasting, cardiac arrest Normal Calcium Levels correct answers 8.5-10.5 mg/dL Hypocalcemia correct answers Chvostek's sign (germinal causes ticks), Trousseau;s sign (bp cuff causes tetany), seizures Hypercalcemia correct answers anorexia, lethargy, cardiac arrest Normal Magnesium Levels correct answers 1.6-2.6 mEq/L Chloride, Phosphorus, and Bicarbonate uses and values correct answers Cl = 95-105 P = 1.7-2.6 (high in renal failure) Bicarbonate = 22-26 (maintains pH) Isotonic Solutions correct answers Closest to osmolarity of plasma ex: Normal Saline 0.9%, Lactated Ringer's, D5W For dehydration Can cause fluid overload