Chapter 16-Give Me Liberty
standard gauge - ANSThe distance separating two sides of a train track. Was made standard
across the nation at a 4 feet 8.5 inches in 1886. Made it possible for trains of one company to
trail on another companies tracks.
transcontinental line - ANSRailroad Line that goes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. By 1890
there were 5.
standard time zones - ANSMajor railroad companies divided the nation into 4 different zones to
divide time.
nation market - ANSMeaning that when the railroads would suffer financially, so would the entire
economy.
national brand - ANSCompanies that sold their products nationwide. Examples were Ivory Soap,
and Quaker Oats. Spread nationwide around the time of industrial revolution
A and P Stores - ANSAlso knowing as Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. Was a nationwide
Grocery Store.
Sears and Roebuck - ANSBased in Chicago was a mail order firm selling clothing, jewelry, farm
equipment and other goods to rural families nationwide.
Thomas Edison - ANSBorn in Ohio in 1847 had little formal education, Helped establish many
industries and inventions such as the phonograph, lightbulb, motion picture and system for
generating and distributing electricity
Nikola Tesla - ANSBorn in modern day Croatia, went to the US at age 28, and developed the
electric motor using the alternating current.
alternating current - ANSUsed by Nikola Tesla, would overcome many of the challenges of using
electricity for commercial and industrial purposes. Used for the electric motor.
"trusts" - ANSLegal device where the affairs of several companies were managed under a single
director.
J. P. Morgan - ANSFinancier who founded company US steel who combined 8 large steel
companies into one company in 1901.
Standard Oil - ANSEstablished in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by
Rockefeller
, International Harvester - ANSCompany that manufactured agricultural machinery.
Andrew Carnegie - ANSEmigrated with his family from native Scotland at 13 and worked in
textile factories. Soon would become a management position for company Pennsylvania
Railroad. Tried to establish a vertically integrated steel company. Became very rich and ran
companies with a "dictorial hand"
vertical integration - ANSIdea by Andrew Carnegie that involved controlling every phase of the
steel transportation from raw materials to transportation to manufacturing to distribution.
John D. Rockefeller - ANSBegan his career as a clerk for a Cleveland merchant and rose to
dominate the oil industry. Founded Standard Oil Company. Through competition he drove out
other companies and fixed prices. Used Horizontal Integration. Soon established a monopoly
controlling 90 percent of the oil industry. Gave away most of his fortune. Fought unions
horizontal integration - ANSIdea by John Rockefeller to buy out competing oil companies to
create a monopoly.
"The Theory of the Leisure Class" - ANSPublished by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 was a criticism
of Upper Class Culture and focussed on spending money on goods that are not needed.
"Sunshine and Shadow" - ANSWritten by Matthew Smith, was a bestseller, compared Alexander
T. Stewards mansion with slums in the same city.
"How the Other Half Lives" - ANSPublished in 1890 by Jacob Riis, offered an account of living
conditions among the poor. Showed pictures of apartments that were overcrowded and dark.
Frederick Jackson Turner - ANSHistorian who gave "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History" lecture. He said that the qualities of American Culture are tied to the desire to
head West. He said that the west was a "safety value "
Middle Border - ANSStates of Minnesota, Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas. During the late
1800s a new agricultural empire making wheat and corn was founded here.
Homestead Act - ANSLaw made in 1862 that promised land to anyone who settled in the West
and improve it. Envisioned a matter of family farmer. Was refuted by John Powell
bonanza farms - ANSFarms that covered thousands of acres and employed many agricultural
workers. Were a minority of farms in the trans Mississippi West.
Kansas Pacific Railroad - ANSRailroad that had stations at Abilene, Dodge City and Wichita in
Kansas. Became a method of transporting millions of cattle.
standard gauge - ANSThe distance separating two sides of a train track. Was made standard
across the nation at a 4 feet 8.5 inches in 1886. Made it possible for trains of one company to
trail on another companies tracks.
transcontinental line - ANSRailroad Line that goes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. By 1890
there were 5.
standard time zones - ANSMajor railroad companies divided the nation into 4 different zones to
divide time.
nation market - ANSMeaning that when the railroads would suffer financially, so would the entire
economy.
national brand - ANSCompanies that sold their products nationwide. Examples were Ivory Soap,
and Quaker Oats. Spread nationwide around the time of industrial revolution
A and P Stores - ANSAlso knowing as Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company. Was a nationwide
Grocery Store.
Sears and Roebuck - ANSBased in Chicago was a mail order firm selling clothing, jewelry, farm
equipment and other goods to rural families nationwide.
Thomas Edison - ANSBorn in Ohio in 1847 had little formal education, Helped establish many
industries and inventions such as the phonograph, lightbulb, motion picture and system for
generating and distributing electricity
Nikola Tesla - ANSBorn in modern day Croatia, went to the US at age 28, and developed the
electric motor using the alternating current.
alternating current - ANSUsed by Nikola Tesla, would overcome many of the challenges of using
electricity for commercial and industrial purposes. Used for the electric motor.
"trusts" - ANSLegal device where the affairs of several companies were managed under a single
director.
J. P. Morgan - ANSFinancier who founded company US steel who combined 8 large steel
companies into one company in 1901.
Standard Oil - ANSEstablished in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation led by
Rockefeller
, International Harvester - ANSCompany that manufactured agricultural machinery.
Andrew Carnegie - ANSEmigrated with his family from native Scotland at 13 and worked in
textile factories. Soon would become a management position for company Pennsylvania
Railroad. Tried to establish a vertically integrated steel company. Became very rich and ran
companies with a "dictorial hand"
vertical integration - ANSIdea by Andrew Carnegie that involved controlling every phase of the
steel transportation from raw materials to transportation to manufacturing to distribution.
John D. Rockefeller - ANSBegan his career as a clerk for a Cleveland merchant and rose to
dominate the oil industry. Founded Standard Oil Company. Through competition he drove out
other companies and fixed prices. Used Horizontal Integration. Soon established a monopoly
controlling 90 percent of the oil industry. Gave away most of his fortune. Fought unions
horizontal integration - ANSIdea by John Rockefeller to buy out competing oil companies to
create a monopoly.
"The Theory of the Leisure Class" - ANSPublished by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 was a criticism
of Upper Class Culture and focussed on spending money on goods that are not needed.
"Sunshine and Shadow" - ANSWritten by Matthew Smith, was a bestseller, compared Alexander
T. Stewards mansion with slums in the same city.
"How the Other Half Lives" - ANSPublished in 1890 by Jacob Riis, offered an account of living
conditions among the poor. Showed pictures of apartments that were overcrowded and dark.
Frederick Jackson Turner - ANSHistorian who gave "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History" lecture. He said that the qualities of American Culture are tied to the desire to
head West. He said that the west was a "safety value "
Middle Border - ANSStates of Minnesota, Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas. During the late
1800s a new agricultural empire making wheat and corn was founded here.
Homestead Act - ANSLaw made in 1862 that promised land to anyone who settled in the West
and improve it. Envisioned a matter of family farmer. Was refuted by John Powell
bonanza farms - ANSFarms that covered thousands of acres and employed many agricultural
workers. Were a minority of farms in the trans Mississippi West.
Kansas Pacific Railroad - ANSRailroad that had stations at Abilene, Dodge City and Wichita in
Kansas. Became a method of transporting millions of cattle.
