CLEP Biology Study Guide

What is the key limiting factor on cell size? -->The size of a cell is limited by the ratio of its surface area to volume. A cell will only remain stable if... -->...the surface area of the plasma membrane maintains a balance with the volume of the cytoplasm. The salivary gland... -->...secretes saliva which enters the digestive tract and aids the digestive process. Gregor Medel -->Studied the relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring and the genes that caused the traits to be expressed. In order to become an established part of an island ecosystem there must be... -->...a populations large enough to ensure successful reproduction, a food source, a suitable habitat, and a source of moisture. Lymphocytes -->Are cells involved in immunity and are produced in bone marrow as stem cells. B Cells -->Produce antibodies into the bloodstream that find and attach themselves to foreign antigens (toxins, bacteria). T Cells -->Some patrol the blood for antigens, but are also equipped to destroy antigens. They may regulate immune responses as well. Mass extinctions promote diversification... -->...because ecological niches open up, making conditions favorable for the establishment of new, diverse species. Common elements found in proteins are -->Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen What phylum are snakes in? -->Chordata Cellular Respiration -->Is the process that releases energy for use by the cell. A hydrogen bond -->Is weaker than ionic, covalent, disulfide, or double bonds. A hydrogen bond involves -->the attraction of atoms of different polarity and can be easily broken. Ionic bonds involve -->the transfer of electrons. Covalent bonds -->share electrons. Chimpanzees -->Are more closely related to Homo Sapiens than to other apes, but Homo Sapiens did not evolve from chimpanzees. About five million years ago... -->...the lineage that led to the modern Homo Sapiens diverged from the lineage that led to the modern chimpanzee. The evolution leading to Homo Sapiens... -->Is more like branching out of a tree with dead ends and new branches appearing simultaneously than like steps on a ladder. Early hominids... -->Stood upright before there was an increase in brain size. The large brain and upright posture -->of Homo Sapiens did not evolve together. Most fossils of Hominids -->are from continents other than North America. The stomach secretes -->digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and gastric juices which aid in digestion. The mucous secreted by the stomach protects the stomach lining from the acids and juices. Algae and Protozoa belong to the kingdom -->Protista Plants and animals obtain usable nitrogen -->through nitrogen fixing bacteria and lighting. When the water concentration inside and outside the cell is equal, -->it is said to be in an isotonic state. Isotonic Conditions -->are produced when water passes through the cell membrane by osmosis from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, to equalize water concentration. The effect of a substrate concentration on the initial reaction rate in the presence of a limited amount of enzyme... -->will increase the reaction rate as the concentration of substrate is increased until all the enzymes are used, then the reaction rate will level off. An enzyme -->Is a special protein that acts as a catalyst for organic reactions. A catalyst -->is a substance that changes the speed of a reaction without being affected itself. Kingdom Protista -->Contain one celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa. Kingdom Animalia -->contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates. Kingdom Fungi -->contains organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including molds and mushrooms.