WGU C458 HEALTH, FITNESS AND WELLNESS| 319 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Nutrition provides the body with the nutrients it needs to perform its daily tasks Undernutrition implies that the individual is not getting enough nutrients. This can occur even if the person is consuming more than enough calories Malnutrition an imbalance of proper nutrients Anorexia nervosa literally means loss of appetite, but this is a misnomer: A person with this is hungry, but denies the hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation, food preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an absence of menstrual cycles in women. Untreated, can be fatal. Bulimia characterized by recurring periods of binge eating, during which large amounts of food are consumed in a short period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting Binge eating disorder (BED) episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after overeating. Obesity 15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density, and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. Minerals inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance Major minerals needed by the body: • calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables • phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat • potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits • sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish • sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese • chloride—table salt, meat • magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains Trace minerals required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins) protect the body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol. LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins) most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack Lipoproteins large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is transported Antioxidants slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals produced during oxidation reactions Oxidation reactions the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, now exist Free radical (Oxidant) any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because electrons typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is potential for a great deal of damage. Carbohydrates produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice which consist of simple sugars and starches Protein produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk. Composed of 8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids. Perform many functions including building cells and tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection. means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can take place, without it Lipids produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides (more commonly known as fats), phospholipids, and sterols Incomplete protein proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids Glycogen the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver Glucose simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function Triglycerides (Fats) Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain fatty acids, often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Provides much of the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against changes in environmental temperature. Protect the organs and underlying tissues by acting as a shock absorber. Water essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to body functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically important compounds. In the body, it transports nutrients to and waste products from the cells and helps regulate body temperature. Comes from fluids and solids in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy nutrients within the tissues Oils liquid at room temperature. Vitamins organic compounds required by every part of the body to maintain health and prevent disease. Classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Do not become part of the body. Only small amounts are needed, but must be provided by the diet because the body is not able to synthesize them in the required quantities for proper nourishment and body function. Foster growth, promote the ability to produce healthy offspring, maintain health, aid in the normal function of the digestive tract and appetite, and help maintain immune system functions. Fat-soluble vitamins found in the fatty parts of food and body tissues. Stored in the body until needed, so it is not necessary to consume them every day. Transported by lipids through the body; A, D, E, and K Vitamin A important in promoting growth and health of body tissues as well as enhancing the function of the immune system. Enhances vision by helping the retina function properly, permitting us to distinguish between light and shade and to see various colors distinctly. A form of this is used by dermatologists to treat acne and other skin disorders. Overdoses may result in yellowish, dry, scaly skin and dry, irritated eyes Vitamin D essential for calcium absorption and thus is needed to prevent and cure rickets(deficiency disease in which bones fail to harden) Vitamin E an activator in certain enzyme reactions, and it protects vitamins A and C from being used up too quickly Vitamin K essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, a substance needed for normal blood coagulation. Water-soluble vitamins associated with the watery parts of food and body tissues. Not stored by the body. Excess amounts are usually excreted in the urine and, therefore, should be provided in the diet on a regular basis. Includes the B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) B vitamins essential to daily human nutrition. Known as the B-complex group, they help body systems combat stress and maintain energy reserves. The B-complex group consists of vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), folic acid, and biotin. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) necessary for carbohydrate metabolism. Aids in the release of energy from food Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) helps body cells use oxygen, promotes tissue repair, and helps the nervous system function properly