CTIP FINAL questions &

CTIP FINALbivariate correlations - correct answer associations that involve exactly two variables t test - correct answer a statistic to test the difference between two group averages Interrogating association claims - correct answer Construct validity How well was each variable measured? Statistical validity How well do the data support the conclusion? Internal validity Can we make a causal inference from association? External validity To whom can the association be generalized? The most important validities to interrogate for an association claim are construct validity and statistical validity. Interrogating construct validity - correct answer Ask about the construct validity of each variable; ○ How well was each of the variables measured? ○ Does the measure have good reliability? ○ Is it measuring what it's intended to measure? ○ What is the evidence for its face validity, for its concurrent validity, and for its discriminant and convergent validity? Effect size - correct answer describes the strength of an association Statistical significance - correct answer refers to the conclusion researchers make regarding how probable it is that they would get a correlation of that size by chance, assuming that there is not a correlation in the real world. Internal validity - 3 causal criteria - correct answer ○ Covariance: do the results show that the variables are correlated? ○ Temporal Precedence: does the method show which variable came first in time? ○ Internal Validity: is there a C variable that is associated with both A and B, independently? independent variables - correct answer manipulated variable dependent variables - correct answer measured variable (outcome) control variables - correct answer any variable that an experimenter holds constant; experiments establish covariance Covariance - correct answer Is the cause variable related to the effect variable?; Experiments support causal claims - correct answer control group - has no treatment condition; the neutral or no treatment level of the IV; not all experiments have, or need, a control group treatment group - correct answer has one or more treatment conditions placebo group - correct answer placed under placebo confounds-design confounds - correct answer when a second variable varies systematically along with the IV and provides an alternative explanation for the results; Another variable accidentally varies systematically along with the IV; Correct by control variables selection effects - correct answer Systematically different types of participants are in the two groups. correction - random assignment or matching random assignment - correct answer a way of assigning participants to levels of the IV such that each participant has an equal chance of being in each group. matched groups - correct answer Matching involves matching groups on some variable (e.g., IQ). ; We randomly assign the three participants with the highest IQs to the three groups, then assign the next three highest participants, and so on.