CMN 3V Midterm 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed

CMN 3V Midterm 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed The Process of Communication is: Unavoidable, a process, strategic, and irreversible What are the elements of the interactional communication model? Involves a sender (encoder) and a receiver (decoder) as well as the message and feedback Communication Apprehension Fear/anxiety due to real or imagined communication with someone else. What are the solutions to communication apprehension? Systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training. What is professional communication? Appropriate to the situation, clear and concise, and ethical. What is the transactional(competent) model of communication? Expands on the interactional model, which includes social context, relational context, and cultural context. What are characteristics effective communication? Being strategic, being professional, and being adaptable. How does language reflect, build, and determine context? Language is the system of symbols (words) used to think about and communicate. There are three rules that govern and control how we use words, Syntactic rule, semantic rule, and contextual rule. Syntactic Rule Governs the words in a sentence. Semantic rule Governs the meaning of words and how to interpret them, the study of meaning in language. Contextual rules Govern meaning and word choice according to context and social customs. Denotative meaning the common meaning often found in the dictionary. Connotative meaning Often not found in the dictionary but in the community of users itself. Ambiguous language language having more than one possible meaning, involving Evasion, Equivocation, and Euphemisms. Evasion Allows the speaker to avoid providing specific details (lying to parents) Equivocation Uses words that have unclear or misleading definitions, and helps speaker avoid uncomfortable situations (White lies,twisting the truth) Euphemisms Inoffensive words or phrases that substitute for potentially upsetting terms ("passed away" vs died) Why do we use ambiguity? To promote harmony, to soften difficult messages, and to make a point indirectly. Concrete language refers to a tangible object- a person, place, or thing available to the senses (House, pumpkin, spoon) What is inflammatory language? Speaking and selecting words in a manner intended to cause an emotional response and incite action. What are examples of inflammatory language? hate speech(racism), Bias(slut vs player), and labeling (assuming someone isn't capable of knowledge based on background.) Situational Context different situations call for different speech repertoires Relational Context Labels like mom/dad Nonverbal communication Often ambiguous because messages can have multiple meanings. What are the elements of nonverbal communication? Affect displays, complementing, contradicting, emblems, illustrators, masking, object adaptors, regulators, repeating, replacing, and self adaptors. Affect Displays Express emotions or feelings (frowning) Complementing Reinforcing verbal communication Contradicting Contradicting verbal communication Emblems Nonverbal gestures that carry a specific meaning, and can replace or reinforce words( OK sign with hands) Illustrators Reinforce a verbal message (head nod) Masking Substituting more appropriate displays for less appropriate displays Object Adaptors using an object for a purpose other than its intended design regulators Control, encourage or discourage interaction (raising your hand) Repeating repeating verbal communication Replacing replacing verbal communication Self Adaptors Adapting something about yourself in a way for which it was designed or for no apparent reason, meeting your need for security (playing with your hair) What are nonverbal codes? Kinesics, proxemics, haptics, Chronemics, Paralanguage Kinesics Study of body movements, key to understanding nonverbal communication. EX( Emblems, illustrators, Regulators, Adaptors, and Affect Displays) Proxemics The study of how we use and communicate with space, two aspects (territoriality and personal space) Territoriality Claiming an area with constant occupation of an area, can involve personal and public space Haptics Use of touch to send messages, strongly influenced by culture Chronemics Reaction to time, culturally determined Paralanguage Involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that influence meaning (tone, intensity, pausing, and silence) What are symbols of nonverbal communication? Gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, timing, posture, and where you stand as you communicate. Expectancy Violation Theory Deals with how people respond when nonverbal expectations they are waiting for are not met(EX elevator scenario) How does miscommunication impact communication effectiveness? Damaged relationships, loss of productivity, inefficiency/rework, conflict, missed opportunities, schedule slippage(delays), scope creep(gradual change in complexity), wasted resources, unclear/unmet requirements, etc... Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The structure of a language influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristics of the culture. (EX. English has gender-neutral words vs Spanish having fem/masc words) What is the abstract ladder? Shows how language can transition between abstract and concrete based on the context and details given. How is the abstract ladder constructed? Lower- insure clarity Higher-Abstract language Evasion, equivocation, euphemisms Use strategic ambiguity: To promote harmony, to soften difficult messages, and to make a point indirectly. Abstract Language can also help determine affiliation within groups: (Slang, group Identification: in time and place) (jargon- technical language: specific to academics, not known to people outside group/profession) What are the barriers to listening effectively? 1. failing to limit distractions External and internal distractions/noise 2. Failing to attend to the message: use of jargon, message overload, receiver apprehension, bias. receiver apprehension Fear of misinterpreting or inadequately processing message What are the different listening styles? people-oriented, action-oriented, context-oriented, time-based- oriented listening. People Oriented Listening Focused on the feelings and concerns of the people, may get sidetracked from goal by talking about feelings. Action Oriented Listening prefers well organized, precise, and accurate information. Their goal is to organize and take action. Content Oriented Listening Focuses on the contents and analysis of the information. Time Based Oriented Listening Likes concise information, is goal oriented. Mainly concerned with timelines and time limits. What can we do to be effective listeners? Observe, Focus, Acknowledge, respect, have silence/quiet, savoring(enjoying mundane sounds), listening positions, mixer(how many channels you're listening to), and RASA(receive, appreciate, summarize, ask). listening positions You can move your listening position to what's appropriate to what you're listening to: Active vs passive Reductive vs expansive Critical vs empathetic What percentage of information do we remember that we hear? 25-50% Hearing The physiological function of receiving sound Listening Function of receiving verbal and nonverbal messages. What are the seven deadly sins of listening? Gossip, judging, negativity, complaining, excuses, exaggeration, and dogmatism (Confusion of facts with opinion) What is HAIL? HAIL is to greet or acclaim enthusiastically, with honesty, authenticity, integrity, and love. What are the stages of the listening process? Receiving, Interpreting, Recalling, Evaluating, and Responding. Receiving Take in the information needed for listening through auditory and visual channels. Interpreting Combining visual and auditory info we receive and try to make meaning out of that info. Recalling Used to assess listening abilities and effectiveness, involves short-term, long-term, and working memory. Evaluating Make judgments about something' credibility, completeness, and worth. Responding Sending verbal and nonverbal messages that include attentiveness and understanding or lack thereof. Paraphrasing rephrasing information back at the speaker Clarifying Statement offering back to the speakers the essential meaning, as understood by the listener, to correct and resolve any areas of confusion. What are the different types of listening? Discriminatory, Informational, critical, and empathetic. Discriminatory listening A focus on receiving a specific noise, or a certain part of the message. Informational Listening Goal is to comprehend and retain information Critical Listening Goal of analyzing and evaluating information Empatheic Listening trying to empathize with the speaker Barriers of listening Environmental and physics barriers: Lighting, temperature, physiological noise, psychological noise(mood) Cognitive and personal barriers: Cognitive limits, lack of prep. Differences between speech/thought rate, response preparation. Bad listening practices: Interrupting, disoriented listening, eavesdropping, aggressive listening, narcissistic listening, pseudo-listening. Tips on Delivering Bad News Prepare yourself emotionally, calmly and clearly deliver bad news, consider setting and time, ensure to be genuine and empathetic, try to focus on the positive. Describe the best ways to respond to bad news Learn from it and view as feedback, excuse yourself if necessary, take time to respond, formulate a plan. What are listenable messages? Oral messages that are tailored in a way to be comprehended much easier by the listener. What are the elements of constructive feedback/criticism? When giving feedback to others: Be specific, be descriptive, be positive, be constructive, be realistic, be relevant When giving feedback to yourself: Identify strengths and weaknesses, evaluate yourself within the context of the task or assignment guidelines, set goals for next time, revisit goals and asses progress at regular intervals. Upward communication: Subordinate to boss Horizontal communication: Subordinate to Subordinate Downward Communication Boss to subordinate Eight tips to effective meetings 1. Figure out if meeting is necessary 2. Ensure only key people are invited 3. Set expectations with attendees 4. meeting starts when invites are sent 5. Prewire meeting with sensitive topics 6. Actively manage meetings 7. Agree on the next steps 8. "Bring donuts"