PRAXIS 5001 - READING AND LANGUAGE ARTS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Lexical Knowledge knowledge of word meanings Orthographic Knowledge knowledge of spellings and pronunications Phonemic Awareness Acknowledgement of sounds and words (knowing words rhyme) Phonemes the smallest unit of language capable of conveying distinction in meaning Phonics Method of teaching reading and spelling based on a phonetic interpretation of ordinary spelling Phonological awareness the ability of the reader to recognize the sounds of spoken language Automaticity automatic reading involves the development of strong orthographic representations, which allow fast and accurate id of whole words made up of specific letter patterns Prosody concerns versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented 4 basic word types of orthography Regular for reading and spelling, Regular for reading but not for spelling, Rule based, Irregular 3 Cueing systems of Reading fluency & comprehension Orthographic awareness, syntactic cueing, semantic cueing Orthographic awareness the ability to perceive and recall letter strings and word forms (sight words) Syntactic cueing knowing if a word is a noun, verb, adverb, etc. Semantic cueing knowing the meaning of a word and what the reading passage is about Early orthographic development Role-play, emergent, developing, beginning, expanding Role Play Writer scribbles, awareness of environmental print, uses pictures, no phonetic association, traces words Emergent Writer attempts to write name, writes initial consonants, can write on line, mixes upper and lower case letters, copies words Developing Writer invented spelling, one-to-one reading/writing words, correctly uses upper and lowercase letters Beginning Writer correct spelling, uses decoding for spelling, focuses on one writing element at a time (spelling, punctuation), chooses personally significant writing topics, organizes paragraphs using complete sentences Expanding Writer Edits for mechanics, varies writing components based on writing tasks, variety of word choices, writes in variety of formats; poetry, stories, reports 4 elements of reading comprehension instruction large amounts of time for actual reading, teacher-directed instruction, opportunities for peer learning, conferences with teacher or students about responses to reading Bloom's Taxonomy 1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation Word Analysis the process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on writing patterns (phonics/decoding) Word recognition automatically determining the pronunciation and meaning of an unknown word Decoding changing communication signals into messages Encoding changing a message into symbols Affects on adolescent Literature Post WWII, teen pregnancy, drugs, civil rights, feminism, Vietnam War Poetry Structure (3) 1. pattern of sound and rhythm 2. visible shape it takes 3. rhyme and free verse Slant Rhyme occurs when rhyme is not exact (that and hit, green and gone) Alliteration initial sounds of words are repeated (people who pen poetry) beginning of word Assonance middle of word - vowel sounds the same (June and tune) Onomatopoeia words used to evoke meaning by their sound (pow, zap) Rhythm accent or stress of a word Scansion is where the stresses occur Simile direct comparison of two things, often using like or as (my love is like a red, red rose) Metaphor indirect comparison of two things (chairs have legs) characteristics denoting one thing in place of another Parallelism arrangement of ideas into phrases that balance each other Personification human characteristics to inanimate objects Euphemism substitution of word for less offensive one (not died, but passed) Hyperbole deliberate exaggeration for effect Climax number of sentences or phrases arranged in ascending order of rhetorical forcefulness Bathos ludicrous attempt to evoke sympathy or pity Oxymoron contradiction employed for effect (jumbo shrimp) Irony expression of something other than, and opposite of, the literal meaning (words of praise when blame is due) Malapropism verbal blunder in which one word is replaced by another that is similar in sound but different in meaning (geometry of countries instead of geography of countries) Declamation radio or tv delivery/ public speeches Syntax the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words (they am going to the movies) Simple Sentence one subject and one predicate (the dancer bowed) Compound Sentence two independent clauses (Sam ate the cookie and he drank his milk) Complex Sentence one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (Brian loves taking diving lessons, which he has done for years). High Frequency Words words most often used in the English language Sight Words words reader learns to read spontaneously 5 Stages of Spelling 1. Prephonemic 2. Early phonemic 3. Letter-name 4. Transitional 5. Derivational Pre-Phonemic Spelling do not know relationship between spelling and pronunciation Early Phonemic Spelling Beginning to understand spelling, usually write first letter correctly Letter-Name Spelling spell some words consistently correctly, attempt to match name of letter to the sound Transitional Spelling late elementary school, master short vowel sounds and know some spelling rules, developing a sense of correct and incorrect spelling Derivational Spelling high school and adulthood; spelling rules are being mastered Expository Writing writing to inform Style the artful adaptation of language to meet various purposes Tone the attitude an author takes towards his subject Point of View perspective 5 Stages of Writing 1. Pre-Writing 2. Drafting 3. Revision and Editing 4. Proofreading 5. Publishing Pre-writing idea book, journal, free writing Drafting write intro last; compose first draft Thesis point of the paper Recapitulation brief restatement of the main points or certainly of the thesis; best type of conclusion Revision and Editing go hand in hand; peer review