SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED

SPCE 630 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% SOLVED Threats to internal validity include: Testing, maturation, procedural infidelity Match the definition. 2A. Events that occur during the experiment but that are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcome History 2B. Changes in behavior due to the passage of time Maturation 2C. Occurs when participants need to respond to the same test repeatedly during a baseline or probe condition, which influences responding Testing Threats related to the measurement system, and are of concern because of repeated measurement by human observers who may make errors Data instability Inconsistent implementation of the experimental condition Procedural infidelity The loss of participants during a study, which limits the generality of findings Attrition Occurs when a participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned intervention during the course of a study Multiple treatment interference A type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time Cyclical variability Carryover Effects -Refers for an effect of being tested in one state on participants' behavior in later situations - May occur in a within-subject trial when the effect of a particular level of the self-independent variable persists even after the treatment finishes The hypothesis that states that there is no significant difference between samples is: The Null Hypothesis Amanda is an RBT at an ABA clinic. She is working with her client, Jerrell, to decrease aggressive behaviors (i.e., biting others). She has collected data for the frequency of Jerrell's bites for three weeks. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of the following data set (round to the nearest whole number): Week 1: 12, 11, 10, 22, 22 Week 2: 7, 8, 13, 21, 17 Week 3: 16, 7, 9, 3, 0 Mean= 12, Median=11, Mode=7,22 Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreased rates of disruptive behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data throughout the duration of the school year across two elementary schools. In school A, all k-6 classrooms used the Good Behavior Game. In School B, no classrooms used the Good Behavior Game. At the end of the school year, Dr. Jones concluded that the Good Behavior Game had no impact on student disruptive behavior, when in fact it had. This is an example of: A Type 2 Error The primary purpose of the method section is to: Detail the plan of study being proposed. allows the readers to evaluate and judge the study's validity and reliability Which fo the following is true about single case research design? Most studies include one participant These data show which of the following: A change in variability Which of the following is a limitation of using statistical significance to differentiate between meaningful and trivial change? All of the above Which of the following is a limitation of group design? All of the above Dr. Lestremau is employed in a large urban school district with 10 elementary schools. She wants to evaluate the effects and feasibility of peer-mediated, school-based, discrete trial training for teaching multiplication skills to six students with autism spectrum disorder. She will collect on-going and frequent measurement of students' fluency with multiplication facts. Dr. Lestremau is using: Single case research design methodology Kacyn is a BCBA at an ABA Center. She is running a small social skills group with 6 children who have autism spectrum disorder. Kacyn is using the "Tough Kids Social Skills Curriculum." The goal of the social skills sessions is to build basic social entry skills (e.g., making eye contact, greetings, responding to name). Prior to the start of the group, Kacyn collected data for each of the participants. Specifically, she asked the therapists to complete the BASC-2 (a rating scale that measures changes in behavior and emotional status) and also collected the frequency of spontaneous greetings during a 30-minute observation period. She continued to collect data for spontaneous greetings during and after implementation of the social skills group. What is the dependent variable? The frequency of spontaneous greetings According to Carr and Briggs (2010) practitioners of ABA should base their professional activities on the research literature. One barrier is the cost of journal subscriptions. A solution suggest by Carr and Briggs (2010) includes: Reading articles in journals, such as, the Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis, which provide articles for free Which of the following is the correct format for a parenthetical citation with 4 authors for the first parenthetical citation in text (APA 7th Ed.) (Olmi et al., 2017) A BCBA calculated IOA for the above data set. IOA was reported as 16.6%. IOA was calculated using which of the following: Scored Intervals Which type of recording is a discontinuous measurement procedure? Partial Interval Recording Two observers recorded whether hand-flapping occurred or did not occur during an interval. Calculate IOA based on the Interval by Interval Method. 40% What is a primary reason for replicating the findings of a study: To assess the reliability of the findings Which of the following is an advantage of using percentage data over numbers? More familiar to people than other measures and facilitates communication of performance Which of the following is true about partial interval data recording? It has a tendency to over-estimate the occurrence of behavior Based on the information provided above, this article is likely an example of which of the following types of articles: A review article detailing what is known about medications for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and other developmental disabilities Internal validity of a study depends on: The attempts by the researcher to ensure plausible reasons for behavior change, other than planned experimental changes, are controlled for. Experimental designs: Require systematic manipulation of an independent variable and careful measurement of the dependent variables. The primary goal of a single case research design is: To determine whether a casual or functional relationship exists between a research manipulated independent variable and a meaningful change in the dependent variable Informed assent: Includes obtaining consent from minors who are not yet old enough to enter into a contract Dr. Tingstrom is interested in evaluating the effectiveness of tootling for increasing positive peer reporting in an elementary classroom. He collects data in Mrs. Dobbs's fourth grade classroom. He hopes to demonstrate the same effects of tootling with the same classroom more than once in the same study. Specifically, he hopes that behaviors are at similar levels when the intervention is in place compared to when it is withdrawn. This is an example of: Direct-intra subject replication Which of the following statements are true regarding treatment integrity? An overall treatment integrity level at or above 80% has been proposed as criterion for acceptable research, although there are little data to support this criterion A researcher repeatedly observes children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during recess. She notices that children with ASD are more likely to join in play with other children when the children without ASD initiate the social interaction. She concludes that there is a correlation between joining in play and who initiates the interaction. Which level of scientific understanding is the researcher using? Prediction Professor Smith wants to increase time working on research-related activities by implementing a structured schedule, self-monitoring, and goal setting. What is/are the independent variable(s)? Structured schedule, self-monitoring and goal setting Well-designed applied research studies allow for: Replication of findings from other studies under similar and novel conditions A BCBA is interested in evaluating the use of fidgets to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with ASD. Prior to conducting her study, she conducts a literature review to identify existing research. She is struggling to find articles on this topic. Which of the following are strategies that she could use to help her find literature on this topic? She can use the "Background Information" pages to find titles that can provide her with terms, names, and dates that can help her to search effectively for more in-depth information Identify the citation in correct APA format (7th edition) Vincent, L. B., Openden, D., Gentry, J. A., Long, L. A., & Matthews, N. L. (2017). Promoting Social Learning at Recess for Children with ASD and Related Social Challenges. Behavior Analysis in Practice(italicized), 11(1)(italicized), 19-33. doi: 10.1007//s A teacher is trying to determine if Erica has mastered a mathematical task she has been taught. She asks the aid to collect data on her completing this task during her session with Erica. The aid will record each correct response. Which measurement system is the aid using? Event Recording Todd is a BCBA employed at an ABA Center. He is working with a client who engages in high rates of vocal stereotypy. Todd would like to implement an intervention that includes response interruption and redirection. To determine if this intervention is effective, he will use a multiple baseline design across settings. He will collect data for 25 minutes each day. His observation will be divided into 15-second intervals. During each interval he will code vocal stereotypy as occurring if it occurs for any duration of the 15-second interval. Based on the literature, Todd's estimate of the percentage of intervals in which the behavior occurs is likely to be which of the following? An overestimate of behaviors Tanesha is a BCBA employed at a school. She is consulting with four special education teachers who each report having a student with high levels of off-task behavior. Tanesha suggested using brief group physical activity breaks as an intervention to increase on-task behavior. To determine if her intervention is effective, she will use a multiple baseline design across four participants. She will collect data for 30 minutes each day. Her observation will be divided into 10-second intervals. During each interval she will code off-task behavior as occurring if it occurs for the duration of the 10-second interval. Based on this information, what measurement system is Tanesha most likely using? Momentary Time Sampling When evaluating the external validity of a study, a researcher should consider which of the following? Multiple treatment interference, generality across settings, generality across subjects, and generality across outcomes Jacob recently conducted a study at a residential center in which he evaluated a procedure to train direct care staff to increase positive interactions with the residents during mealtime. During the course of the study he became concerned that the data collectors began to depart from the accurate use of definitions over time. Jacob is most likely concerned with which of the following: Observer drift The scientific attitude or orientation called ______________ refers to the practice of objective observation, rather than "revealed knowledge" speculation, hypothesis, or personal opinion. Empirical knowledge Reliable measurement is: Consistent Dr. Dart is a behavior analyst. He is working with Tom, who exhibits low rates of compliance with parent requests. Dr. Dart trains Tom's parents to use Effective Instruction Delivery (EID). He collects data regarding Tom's compliance, and parents' use of EID and summarizes these data using a line graph. One of the primary reasons for summarizing data using a line graph is: To display relationships between dependent variable and independent variable The research question "Does implementation of a time out procedure on an FR 2 schedule result in faster reductions of challenging behavior, when compared to an FR 4 schedule? Parametric Question Which of the following is NOT a measurement of dispersion? Median Which of the following are a measurement of dispersion? Variance, Range and Standard Deviation Mona is prepping a manuscript for a study she did. She's on the section where she is writing the response definition. What section is Mona writing? Method Janet is a BCBA-D who is consulting in a high school life skills classroom. She has recently suggested an intervention for a student with academic deficits. After a careful assessment, she has determined that the academic deficits are the result of a skill deficit as opposed to a performance deficit. She plans to train the teacher to use two academic interventions. The first will address handwriting and the second will address fluency with single-digit multiplication. Janet can only check in on the case every other week. The teacher will keep worksheets from the intervention for Janet to review. Which of the following is the best option for collecting data? Permanent product data A research study has groups that are not randomly assigned, similarity of groups prior to the start of the intervention, and some confounding variables. Based on the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Standards, this study is likely to receive which of the following designations: Does not meet WWC standards Which of the following research questions can be answered using single case research design? -Is this intervention more effective than the current "baseline" or "treatment" as "usual" condition? (e.g., Does intervention A reduce problem behavior for this case?) -Does adding B to Intervention A further reduce problem behavior for this case? - Is intervention B or Intervention C more effective in reducing problem behavior for this case? Sequential introduction and withdrawal designs include which of the following: The repetition of the basic A-B comparisons within a single participant Which of the following is true regarding a reversal design? Following implementation of the intervention, the same procedure is then applied to an alternative but incompatible behavior Which of the following is true regarding A/B design: The A/B design measures the dependent variable under baseline conditions and intervention and quickly assesses the effect of an intervention Demarco is a 4th grade student with a reading deficit. A direct skills assessment indicates that Demarco's oral reading fluency is at a 1st grade level. The behavior analyst wants to implement a reading intervention. She is considering a variety of intervention components including repeated readings, listening passage review, and error correction. To determine which intervention components to include, the BCBA conducts a brief experimental analysis. To do so she should introduce the intervention components in the following way: Any of the above is acceptable Dr. Scheming wants to use a changing criterion design to implement a physical activity program that is designed to incrementally increase physical activity individuals with ASD. Which of the following is a guideline for using the changing criterion design that Dr. Scheming should consider: All phases should be long enough to ensure that successive changes in a therapeutic direction are naturally occurring and due to historical, maturational, or measurement issues One way to potentially enhance the scientific credibility of single case research design is to include: Randomization Reasons for considering statistical analysis in conjunction with visual analysis include: Statistical control is needed for extraneous factors in the naturalistic environment Which of the following is true about visual analysis: Interpreting experimental control involves assessment of data from the whole study whereas the assessment of basic effects is done with adjacent phases