Collecting, Analyzing & Reporting Data fully solved 2023

Collecting, Analyzing & Reporting DataPhysiological Methods - correct answer - temperature, blood pressure - blood work - required use of special equipment to make observation Observation - correct answer - differ by concealment and intervention - structured or unstructured Interviews and Questionnaires - correct answer - interviews are verbal - questionnaire are paper and pencil or online - types: open ended, closed ended, scales (Likert scale) - advantages/disadvantages: response rate, accuracy, response bias Focus Groups - correct answer - group interview of 6-12 people - purposive sampling Appropriateness - correct answer - must correlate with problem, hypothesis, setting and population - must reflect operational definition - how consistency does it measure what it measures? - does the instrument measure what it is supposed to measure? Selection of Measures for a Quantitative Study - correct answer - appropriateness - consistency - reliability and validity Consistency - correct answer - data collected from each subject in the study in the same way or as close to the same way as possible Reliability - correct answer - the extent to which the instrument yields the same result on repeated measures - expresses in terms of a correlation coefficient between -1-1; the closer to 1 the score is the more reliable the instrument - test re-test; same results are obtained on repeated administration of an instrument - internal consistency; measures one concept; Cronbach's alpha (at lest 0.80 for well established tools and 0.70 for newly developed tools - equivalence: consistency among observers, interrater reliability; Cohen's kappa (at least 0.75) Validity - correct answer - degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring - a tool must be reliable to be valid - is it valid for what and for whom Measures of Validity - correct answer - content validity - criterion related validity - construct validity Content Validity - correct answer - measures the universe of the content - panel of experts Criterion Related Validity - correct answer - degree to which subjects' performance on toll and actual performance are related - coefficient calculated between 0-1 Construct Validity - correct answer - extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct - takes years to establish Errors in Quantitative Data Collection - correct answer - incorrect implementation: timing, administering with incorrect directions, order of administering instruments