Amsco APUSH Chapter 25 Already Graded A

Amsco APUSH Chapter 25 Already Graded A Good Neighbor policy FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region Pan-American conferences US pledged in Uruguay 1933 to -never again intervene w/ internal Latin American affairs In Buenas Aires 1936: warned if Germany started shit then the hemisphere WOULD come together + combat it Soviet Union recognized 1933 , increased trade + boosted economy Independence for Philippines Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934: gave independence + gradual removal of US presence [cost too much to govern] reciprocal trade agreements FDR favored reducing tariff to increase international trade, plan by Cordel Hull gave FDR power to lower tariffs up to 50% for nations that did the same for US imports Japan takes Machuria defied open-door policy + League of nations, marched troops into Manchuria Sept. 1931, renamed the territory Manchukuo + established a puppet govt. League of Nations condemned Japan, Japan left League. League of Nations never taken seriously Stimson Doctrine Secretary of State Henry Stimson declared in 1932, US would honor its 9-Power Treaty obligations by refusing to recognize any territorial [Manchukuo] that had been established by force. League of Nations adopted similar statement fascism idea that people should glorify their nation + their race through aggressive use of force Italian Fascist party Attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalist, and those afraid of rising communism. Marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. Benito Mussolini leader of Italian Fascist party, (part of Axis powers) Ethiopia 1935, Mussolini ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia, League of Nation + US objected but didn't stop it. Italian gained Ethiopia German Nazi Party Nazi, rose in 20's in reaction to economic conditions after war + treaty of Versailles. Hitler - bullied Jews, used Fascist ideology to increase membership. [unemployed German workers] Anti-Semetic, gained control in 1933 Adolf Hitler Leader of the Nazi party in Germany, [Axis powers] Axis Powers Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. Spanish Civil War ideological struggle between forces of fascism, military dictatorship established Francisco Franco Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini Rhineland 1936 , land in Western Germany supposed to permanently demilitarize [Versailles Treaty] Hitler openly defied this by marching troops their Sudetenland The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took. Munich 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. Munich is synonymous w/ apeasement appeasement Giving in to an aggressor to keep peace Poland; blitzkrieg Sept 1, 1939 Germany moved in + Britain + France declared war on Germany + soon @ war w/ axis powers [Italy + Japan] too. -this type of warfare, airpower + fast moving tanks [Germ] "lightning war", 1940 Germ. attacked Denmark, Norway, + France. By June 1940, Britain only ally free of Germ. troops isolationism A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries Nye Committee 1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death." Neutrality Acts FDR slowly removed restrictive neutrality laws so he could give MASSIVE aid to Britain. w/ surrender of France to Germany, most Americans accepted strengthening US defenses, but giving aid to Britain still ccontroversial America First Committee A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker. Charles Lindbergh Voice for isolationists, America First Committee [keep America out of WW2] Quarantine speech FDR tested public opinion in 1937 when Japan invaded China by making the proposition that democracies act together to "quarantine" the aggressor. People responded negatively cash and carry Congress passed a less restrictive Neutrality Act that allowed war faring countries to buy US arms if they used their own ships + paid cash. FAVORED BRITAIN Selective Training and Service Act (1940) provided registration of all American men between 21-35 + for training of 1.2 million troops in 1 yr destroyers-for-bases deal In Sept 1940 Germany was bombing Britain + using submarines. FDR gave Britain 50 older but usable US destroyers + Britain gave rights to build military bases on British owned Caribbean islands FDR, third term Ran against Willkie, and won election due to familiarity.; promised to stay out of war. still aid allies , strong economic recovery w/ defense purchases + fear of war Wendell Willkie Ran against FDR in the election of 1940 , lost, campaigned saying that 2 term presidency mattered + that FDR should not break it Four Freedoms speech Congress Jan. 6, 1941, FDR gave speech defended why we should lend Brits $ to buy our war materials. US must help other nations defend "four freedoms" of speech, freedom of religion, wants, + freedom from fear Lend-Lease Act (1941) ended cash+carry and permit Britain to obtain all US arms it needed on credit. Signed into law Atlantic Charter Secret meeting in August w/ Churchill on a ship, drew up this document that affirmed general principals for peace after the war: self-determination for ALL people, no territorial expansion, + free trade escort convoys FDR ordered Us ships to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials. Sept. 4th, American destroyed Greer attacked by Germ. submarine. FDR ordered navy to attack all German ships on sight [undeclared naval war] oil and steel embargo When Japan joined axis powers in Sept. 1940, FDR prohibited export of steel + oil to Japan Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th, 1941, Japanese planes bombed this US naval base. 2,400 Americans killed , 1,200 wounded, 20 warships sunk / damaged severely , 150 airplanes destroyed War Production Board Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled. Manage war industries Office of Price Administration Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation. government spending, debt Federal spending up 1,000% , GDP up 15% in one year , debt by end of the war was $250 billion [5x's 1941's debt] role of large corporations The 100 largest companies made 70% of wartime manufacturing research and development The Office of Research + Development was established to contract scientists + colleges to develop electronics [sonar + radar] , meds [penicillin] , jet engines, rockets, and the atomic bomb Manhattan Project led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, employed 100,000 people + $2 billion to develop a weapon capable of splitting the atom [A-Bomb] Office of War Information controlled news about troop movements + battles. PROPAGANDA "the Good War" Unity of Americans behind the wave of democratic ideals helped the generation remember it as "The Good War" wartime migration millions left rural areas to pursue wartime factory work in cities civil rights, "Double V" Race riots 1943 Summer in NY + Detroit. Civil Rights + "Double V" [Victory over fascism abroad + one for equality @ home] executive order on jobs FDR issued executive order to prohibit discrimination in govt. + businesses that received federal contracts Smith v. Allwright 1941- made it unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way to exclude them from voting in primaries Braceros program 1942 agreement w/ Mexico allowed Mexican farm workers [braceros] to enter US in harvest season w/o going through immigration - led to zoot suit riots over "Mexicans stealing jobs" Japanese internment were suspected of being spies , US govt. put 100,000 Japanese Americans in internment camps. Extreme racism . Super embarrassing + disappointing time for US history Korematsu v. U.S. Court upheld US govts. internment policy as justified in war time. In 1988 it was ruled unjust + those still alive were given financial compensation "Rossie the Riveter" a poster figure of a women working at an aircraft factory who became a symbol of the women who entered the american workforce durring WWII wartime solidarity "band of brothers" immigrants felt more included, working together for war, prejudice down. Settled regional differences election of 1944 FDR wins, VP Harry S. Truman [national reputation for conducting investigation on war time spending] FDR died 3 months after re-election , Truman took place as President Harry S. Truman Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb Battle of the Atlantic German ships sunk 500 Allied ships in 1945 -- Allies used sonar , radar + bombing of German naval bases. Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. strategic bombing Allies bombed the shit out of German Naval bases, then started bombing military targets -- ALLIES BOMBED INNOCENT CIVILIANS [i.e Japan + Dresden] Dwight Eisenhower Led operation torch , took back North Africa D-Day (FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. Holocaust 6 million Jews died + along with millions of other innocents island-hopping the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. Battle of Midway US intercepted + decoded Jap. messages which enabled US fores to destroy 4 Jap. carriers + 300 planes in the decisive BATTLE OF MIDWAY on June 4th-7th 1942. ENDED JAPANESE EXPANSION Douglas MacArthur When Jap. conquered Phillipines , he was driven from the islands and famously said "I shall return" @ Battle of Leyte Gulf Oct. 1944 , Jap. navy virtually destroyed kamikaze attacks Japanese used these to run suicide missions on US ships + major damage in the battle of Okinawa. 50,000 US causalities + killed 100,000 Japanese J. Robert Oppenheimer Physicist + head of the Manhattan Project atomic bombs Devastating new weapon used by the U.S. against the U.S against Japan in August 1945. [Hiroshima + Nagasaki] Hiroshima; Nagasaki Harry Truman called on Japan to surrender unconditionally or face "utter destruction" August 6th , 1945 A-Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima + on August 9th , 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki, around 250,000 died [SURRENDERED SOON AFTER] Big Three US , Soviet Union , and Great Britain Casablanca Conference Jan 1943. Roosevelt + Churchill agreed on the grand strategy to win the war. Invade Sicily + Italy + demand "unconditional surrender" from axis powers unconditional surrender The big three demanded this from the axis powers Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam Big Three discussing how to deal with the war + the aftermath, United Nations established / punish axis powers for their horrific crime. idk man way 2 much to write United Nations PEACE KEEPING ORGANIZATION , bunch of nations agreed to join , US joined too unlike the League of Nations.