PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE
WEEK 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 OVERVIEW OF TISSUE ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 ENZYMES ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Genes, DNA, RNA .................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 GENE FUNCTION - TRANSCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4 GENE FUNCTION : TRANSLATION ................................................................................................................................ 14
WEEK 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 MICROSCOPE SKILLS ................................................................................................................................................. 17
WEEK 4 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1A GENES AND GENETICS 1: PRINCIPLES OF BASIC I NHERITANCE ..................................................................................... 18
4.1B GENES AND GENETICS 2: MODIFICATIONS AND DEVIATIONS FROM MENDELIAN INHERITANCE ...................................... 19
4.2 Traditional and Genomic selection ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Evolution and speciation ....................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Selection of Production Traits ............................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 POLYMORPHISMS AND MUTATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 DIAGNOSTIC DNA .................................................................................................................................................... 24
WEEK 5 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 Introduction to Pathology ..................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Post-mortem Change ............................................................................................................................................ 28
5.2 COLOURS OF PATHOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 30
VIRUSES .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
VIRUS 1; ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Virus 2; Replication ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
VIRUS 3; PATHOGENESIS ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Virus 4; Classification .................................................................................................................................................. 42
BACTERIA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Bacteria 1; Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 43
BACTERIA 2; PHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 46
BACTERIA 3; GENETICS ................................................................................................................................................... 48
BACTERIA 4; STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION ................................................................................................................. 50
PARASITES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.4 INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 52
6.4 INTRO TO ARTHROPODS AND PROTOZOA .................................................................................................................... 53
PARASITES 3 – HELMINTHS ............................................................................................................................................. 55
PARASITES 4; BOVINE PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS (PGE) ................................................................................................ 58
,IMMUNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
6.5 IMMUNOLOGY 2: CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .................................................................................... 60
6.5B IMMUNOLOGY 3; PRINCIPLES OF INNATE IMMUNITY ................................................................................................. 63
6.5C IMMUNOLOGY 4: PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY .............................................................................................. 65
,WEEK 2
2.1 OVERVIEW OF TISSUE ARCHITECTURE
Know how histological samples are prepared.
Understand the skills involved in examining histological sections.
Recognise examples of the main tissue types.
Know where to find and use digital histological content.
Preparing histological samples for light microscopy
- Fixed, processed, sectioned, stained
- Preserving fresh tissue, placed in fixative for time. → trimmed.
- Placed in processor → water in tissue replaced by paraffin wax
- Increasing strength of alcohol baths → dehydrates slowly to avoid shrinkage
- Then exposed to solvent that is miscible with wax + alcohol
- Tissue becomes translucent →using solvent
- Tissue placed in mould formed of wax
- Tissue cut with rotary microtome (set to thickness required) → then dried
Staining
- Haematoxylin = stains nuclei blue/purple
- Eosin = stains cytoplasm pink
Epithelia
- Form boundaries and barrier, on edges of tissue (have liquid/air on one side)
GLAND, Secreted substance, SMALL BLOOD VESSEL GUT
Cuboidal Epithelium Squamous epithelium Columnar epithelium
, Supporting tissues
- Lie between the epithelia, connective tissues
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Pale pink = fat
Irregular darker pink = ECM
Dense, irregular connective tissues
Protein laid down is the pale pink
Lots of different cell shaped → irregular
Skeletal muscle
More regular formation
Nerve tissue
1 different types
WEEK 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 OVERVIEW OF TISSUE ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 ENZYMES ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Genes, DNA, RNA .................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 GENE FUNCTION - TRANSCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4 GENE FUNCTION : TRANSLATION ................................................................................................................................ 14
WEEK 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 MICROSCOPE SKILLS ................................................................................................................................................. 17
WEEK 4 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1A GENES AND GENETICS 1: PRINCIPLES OF BASIC I NHERITANCE ..................................................................................... 18
4.1B GENES AND GENETICS 2: MODIFICATIONS AND DEVIATIONS FROM MENDELIAN INHERITANCE ...................................... 19
4.2 Traditional and Genomic selection ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Evolution and speciation ....................................................................................................................................... 21
4.2 Selection of Production Traits ............................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 POLYMORPHISMS AND MUTATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 DIAGNOSTIC DNA .................................................................................................................................................... 24
WEEK 5 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26
5.1 Introduction to Pathology ..................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Post-mortem Change ............................................................................................................................................ 28
5.2 COLOURS OF PATHOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 30
VIRUSES .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
VIRUS 1; ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Virus 2; Replication ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
VIRUS 3; PATHOGENESIS ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Virus 4; Classification .................................................................................................................................................. 42
BACTERIA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Bacteria 1; Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 43
BACTERIA 2; PHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 46
BACTERIA 3; GENETICS ................................................................................................................................................... 48
BACTERIA 4; STERILISATION AND DISINFECTION ................................................................................................................. 50
PARASITES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.4 INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 52
6.4 INTRO TO ARTHROPODS AND PROTOZOA .................................................................................................................... 53
PARASITES 3 – HELMINTHS ............................................................................................................................................. 55
PARASITES 4; BOVINE PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS (PGE) ................................................................................................ 58
,IMMUNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
6.5 IMMUNOLOGY 2: CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .................................................................................... 60
6.5B IMMUNOLOGY 3; PRINCIPLES OF INNATE IMMUNITY ................................................................................................. 63
6.5C IMMUNOLOGY 4: PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY .............................................................................................. 65
,WEEK 2
2.1 OVERVIEW OF TISSUE ARCHITECTURE
Know how histological samples are prepared.
Understand the skills involved in examining histological sections.
Recognise examples of the main tissue types.
Know where to find and use digital histological content.
Preparing histological samples for light microscopy
- Fixed, processed, sectioned, stained
- Preserving fresh tissue, placed in fixative for time. → trimmed.
- Placed in processor → water in tissue replaced by paraffin wax
- Increasing strength of alcohol baths → dehydrates slowly to avoid shrinkage
- Then exposed to solvent that is miscible with wax + alcohol
- Tissue becomes translucent →using solvent
- Tissue placed in mould formed of wax
- Tissue cut with rotary microtome (set to thickness required) → then dried
Staining
- Haematoxylin = stains nuclei blue/purple
- Eosin = stains cytoplasm pink
Epithelia
- Form boundaries and barrier, on edges of tissue (have liquid/air on one side)
GLAND, Secreted substance, SMALL BLOOD VESSEL GUT
Cuboidal Epithelium Squamous epithelium Columnar epithelium
, Supporting tissues
- Lie between the epithelia, connective tissues
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Pale pink = fat
Irregular darker pink = ECM
Dense, irregular connective tissues
Protein laid down is the pale pink
Lots of different cell shaped → irregular
Skeletal muscle
More regular formation
Nerve tissue
1 different types
