Pathophysiology exam #1 chapters 1-8!

Pathophysiology exam #1 chapters 1-8! Phenotype - A phenotype is a trait we can observe. Genes carry instructions, and the result of our body following those instructions (for example, making a pigment in our eyes), is a phenotypic trait, like eye color. Sometimes a trait is the result of many different genes, like the 16 genes responsible for eye color. Genotype - An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. inclusion bodies - Inclusion bodies are sites of viral transcription and genome replication in the cell that are readily apparent in cells by light microscopy. third spacing - Third Spacing: occurs when fluid accumulates in areas that normally have no fluid or minimal amount of fluid, such as with ascites, and edema associated with burns. Recombinant DNA technology - Recombinant DNA technology, joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry tumor staging - The assessment of the extent of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. T M N - In the TMN system: The T refers to the size and extent of the main tumor. The main tumor is usually called the primary tumor. The M (metastasis) refers to whether the cancer has metastasized. This means that the cancer has spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. The N refers to the the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer. tumor stages - Stage I means the cancer is small and only in one area. This is also called early-stage cancer. Stage II and III mean the cancer is larger and has grown into nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Stage IV means the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. tumor grading - The grading system that's usually used is as follows: grade I - cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren't growing rapidly. grade II - cancer cells that don't look like normal cells and are growing faster than normal cells. grade III - cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread more aggressively. Tumor Stage VS Grade - When solid tumors are diagnosed, they are often assigned a grade and a stage. The grade of a tumor — the cancer grade — is an indication of how quickly it is likely to grow and spread. ... Cancer cells The stage of a solid tumor refers to its size or extent and whether or not it has spread to other organs and tissues. Splicing of mRNA - RNA splicing, in molecular biology, is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). During splicing, introns are removed and exons are joined together stem cells - unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells Hypermagnesemia - excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid, A serum magnesium level that exceeds 2.6 mg/dL. Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia - Nausea, flushing, headache, lethargy, drowsiness, and diminished deep tendon reflexes. Magnesium - Needed for DNA transcription Normal magnesium levels - 1.3 to 2.1 mg/dl Hypomagnesemia - Serum magnesium level lower than 1.3 mg/dL