FYP Section 4 Week 2 test questions with correct answers

Why did Hobbes write Leviathan? he was in exile in Paris for being a loyalist during the English Civil War, and hoped writing Leviathan would gain him favour with the new Republican government in England and would allow him to go home What does the title of Leviathan mean? What is Hobbes' 'Leviathan'? -in the Bible, Leviathan was a terrible beast created by God and portrayed as sheer power while man is fearful and weak -Hobbes' Leviathan is an artificial form of man created by man which brings order and exerts not only absolute power, but absolute justice What is the 'state of nature' described by Hobbes? -a thought experiment meant to show what life would be like without a sovereign power in order to describe how the civil state emerges out of a state of nature -all humans are created more or less equal, and this equality results in an equal hope in each individual to satisfy their desires -problems arise when there's a scarcity of things we equally desire, and competition for these resources ends in a state of war in which everyone lives perpetually in fear of everyone else -the three causes of conflict within the state of nature are competition, diffidence and glory; competition involves acts of aggression against others with the intention extending one's power/ control, diffidence involves pre-emptive acts of defence, and the desire for glory motivates individuals to invade for the sake of establishing a reputation and use violence to gain recognition -there's no justice in the state of nature because there's no common power or law, and there is no property What inclines men to peace? -fear of death -desire of such things as are necessary to commodious living -hope by their industry to obtain these things What is liberty to Hobbes? the absence of external impediments What is the law of nature? -rules meant to maintain peace, enabling us to preserve ourselves -the first law is 'seek peace and follow it' -the second law is the Golden Rule -the third law is to keep your covenants -all other laws of nature (gratitude, complacence, pardon, don't declare hatred, etc) are based off of these first three and are all dedicated to keeping peace -the deduction of laws of nature is the true and only moral philosophy -the laws of nature are eternal and immutable -the laws of nature are already present in the state of nature, as reason supplies the means of fulfilling our desire for peace by discovering the laws of nature What is a covenant? What are some of the rules of a covenant? -a contract in which one or both parties agree to fulfill their part of the deal in the future -a covenant is void in a state of nature as there's no common power to motivate performance; in a civil state it isn't void because the terms of the agreement are understood -one who has already made a covenant to someone doesn't have his right to give it away in another covenant -covenants made not for the sake of defending oneself is void