SPEX203 Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2023

SPEX203 Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2023 length-tension-velocity relationship velocity high, force low, regardless of length ergometry measurement of mechanical work energy the capacity to do work work product of a force acting over a certain distance (f x d) power rate of doing work (work/time) airbraked ergometer rowing and cycle ergo, wind vanes, resistance increases exponentially with cadence, cheap and difficult to calibrate friction (mechanically) braked ergometer monark, apply a known mechanical resistance, cadence increase with work rate, easy to use, limited precision of work rate electromagnetically braked ergometer velotron, resistance varies inversely with cadence, wide power range, fine power control, very expensive skeletal muscle mass IMPT ? physical capabilities thermogenic largest tissue mass insulator fat mass IMPT? mass to be carried, insulator, not just a passive tissue can fitness increase ventilation? no but it can increase the amount of O2 you can circulate and therefore cardiac output (Q) inspiration active, using diaphragm and external intercostals expiration passive at rest, using abdominals and internal intercostals work of breathing increases greatly during exercise 3% energy use at rest 12-24% energy use at max ventilation breathing freq x tidal vol (fb x Vt) alveolar ventilation (tidal volume - dead space) x breathing freq alveolar ventilation effected by duration force frequency resistance bohr effect curve shift down to the right, favour offload of O2 2, 3 DPG produced in RBC as byproduct of glycolysis CO2 transport 5-10% in plasma 20% bound to Hb 60-80% as bicarbonate pulmonary circulation low pressure, reoxygenation systemic circulation high pressure, deoxygenation CVS response to exercise local vessels dilate increase cardiac output blood flow redistributed more blood extracted from each blood unit electrical heart properties SA node AV node bundle of HIS purkinje fibres VO2 = Q x (a - VO2) aerobic power depends on ability to increase Q carry arterial oxygen redistribute blood flow to active muscles extract O2 from blood in the muscles SV response to intensity increasing SV over bigger range of intensity SV response to time rapid and large increase to plateau HR response to time rapid and large increase to plateau, less rise in athletes HR response to intensity rise linearly to VO2 max, athletes start lower local control of arterial tone myogenic temperature metabolic humoral Omh's law V=I xR small change in arteriole radius = large change in flow blood pressure (BP) Q (cardiac output) x TPR (total peripheral resistance) systolic pressure estimates work of heart, strain against arterial walls, appropriate CVS function diastolic pressure estimates peripheral resistance MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP 1st law of thermodynamics potential energy can turn into other forms of energy but can not be destroyed 2nd law of thermodynamics systems go from a high to a low state of potential energy. free energy free energy energy from a chemical reaction that is available for doing work exergonic reaction downhill, releasing energy endergonic reaction uphill, requiring energy factors effecting rate of energy transfer mass action enzymes co enzymes temperature pH stored energy atp, creatine phosphate, glucose, glycogen, fatty acids ATP/CP uses phosphocreatine, no O2, fastest acting, limited few ATP anaerobic glycolysis uses glycogen, no O2, fast acting, limited few ATP aerobic uses glucose, fats, proteins, O2, slow acting, unlimited supply of ATP calorimetry, direct measurement of metabolic energy transformation - measures body heat production calorimetry, indirect indirectly measures rate of EE by measuring rate of which CO2 is produced and O2 is consumed Respiratory Quotient (RQ) ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) A ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed. 1.0 reflects CO2 from non oxidative sources energy efficiency (work rate/ metabolic rate) x 100 benefits of size principle 1. use aerobic system 2. finer control males FFM muscles more than adipose (apple distribution) females FFM lower body adipocytes (pear distribution) Oxidation loss of electrons Fat-free mass (FFM) Total body mass, without the fat. It is the lean or nonfat components of the body. Fat Mass (FM) total amount of fat in the body what happens to aerobic power as altitude increases? decreases, 1% by each 100m acute respiratory responses to alititude hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, renal compensation, decrease acid buffering CV long term response to altitude PV decrease, SV and HR decrease, cardiac output decrease