(answered) CPCE Exam Questions and Answers 2023/2024 Already Passed

Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment When counselors do integrate research into practice. Correlation Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality. The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain. Three types of correlations Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5. A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your GPA goes up. A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities. Quantitative research when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields numbers. Qualitative research When does research does not use numberical data Bubbles When research has flaws What is a true experiment? Two or more groups are udes. What is random sampling? People are picked randomly and placed in groups using random assignment. Systematic sampling where every nth person is chosen can also be used howere, researchers stillprefer random sampling and random assignment What is quasi-experimental research? When the groups are not picked at random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment. quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality. What is the independent variable The experimental group gets the IV and it is known as the experimental variable. what is the DV or dependent variable? the outcome data in the study is called the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV. Type I alpha error When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true. Type II beta error When a research accepts null when it should have been rejected. What is significance levels in social science? .05 or less (.01 to .001) The signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error. N=1 a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV, control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular. Demand characteristics evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an experiment rendering the research inaccurate. An obtrustive or a reactive measure if subjects know they are being observed. Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality. Unobtrusive measure When subjects are not aware that they are being measured. Internal vailidty when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are accurate. The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what he thought he measured. External validity it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to other settings. A t test a popular parametric test for comparing two means. ANOVA or analysis of variance Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when you have two or means to compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric measures for normally distributed populations. The ANOVA provides F values and the F test will tell you if significant differences are present. MANOVA Used when you are investigating more than one DV> A factorail analysis of variance When you are investigating more than one IV/experimental variable (if you have two IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a three way ANOVA.) Chi square if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric test is used. or a Kruskal-wallace can be used. Ex post facto or causal comparative design if the researcher did not manipulate the variable and you are looing at after the fact data, the the research is not a true experiment. Descriptive statistics statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the variance and the standard deviation. Statistical analyses include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis of Covariance, Chi square, Krushal Wallis Cohort studies examine a group of people who have something in common Longitudinal research tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated over a period of time. Cross-sectional research Relies on observation or data from a given point in time. Formative evaluation takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going on while summative or outcomes evaluations occurs at the end of a program or treatment (e.g. after the final session of counseling) Between groups design Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one group of subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the experimental group) Within groups repeated measures design uses the same subjects for the control condition and then at a different time for the IV/experimental conditions. Scope of practice implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in a given area or with a given population. A counselor's duty to warn Based on the Tarasoff case. This principle now states that if a client is going to harm him or herself, somebody else, or both, you will break confidenctiality and contact the appropriate people (the police, the target person) to ward off this tragedy. Dual Relationship Could also be called multiple relationships on the exam. This concept implues that you are a person's helper but you also have another significant relationship with that person (maybe you are dating them or perhaps they are a relative or business partner) Such relationships get in the way of objectivity and should be avoided whenever possible unless the relationship is beneficial to the client. Priiviledged communications Set by the state, law priviledged communication asserts that you cannot reveal what a client said in session in court unless the client allows you to do so. There are exceptions to this such as child abuse, suicide, homicide, and supervisory sessions or if a lawsuit is filed against you. You should never release information about the client outside of court (unless it is the exceptions just mentioned) unless the client signs a release of information consent form. Remember to disguise the identity of your clients when doing research, training or in a work for publications.