AQA A Level English Language Paper 2
Get a hint
Nicolas Ostler >>> He thinks that instant translation technology will remove the need for people
to learn new languages and might prevent many languages around the world from becoming
extinct
Kachru's Circles >>> A very important model of how English has developed and is developing
across the world
McArthur >>> The circle of World English
Crystal >>> Believes that English will break up into a series of distinct dialects (and ultimately
languages?) as happened to Latin
Graddol >>> Thinks speakers of English will need to become fluent in a number of varieties of
English as the world's economy shifts away from US (India could become the most populous
country and third biggest economy in the next 10-20 years)
Typical Inner Circle speakers >>> British, American and Australian English
Typical Outer Circle speakers >>> Singlish, Indian English, Jamaican Creole
Typical Expanding Circle speaker >>> Chinese English
Attitude towards Singlish >>> Prescriptivist attitude that Singlish is wrong and speakers should
stick to the standard form of English, not creole. - Government made a speak good English
campaign.
Simon Jenkins >>> Those who don't speak English are at a 'universal disadvantage'
Alistair Pennycook (Post-colonial viewpoint) >>> English does not deserve to be the world's
language; it has only achieved this status through colonialism and brutality and has caused many
of the world's languages to disappear.
GVS >>> Great Vowel Shift
Aitchison's PIDC >>> Potential (e.g. Functionalist Theory or the influence of technology)
, Implementation (i.e. how changes come into widespread use)
Diffusion (e.g. diffusion models)
Codification (changes confirmed in dictionaries, etc)
Aitchison's main forces for change >>> Fashion, social need and foreign influence
Inkhorn Controversy >>> Thomas Wilson - foreign borrowings into English
Jean Aitchison's Language Myths >>> Crumbling Castle
Damp Spoon
Infectious Disease
Haugen's SECI >>> Selection - The language selected (usually a prestigious one)
Elaboration - developed/expanded for linguistic resources
Codification - e.g. dictionairy and written standardisation
Implementation - How changes come into widespread use
Lowth's Grammar rules >>> Polite and correct
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis >>> You can only think what your language can articulate
Reflectionism >>> Your thoughts shape your language
Lexical Gaps >>> Language follows certain patterns and where examples that would fit such
patterns are not currently in existence, there is a strong chance they'll appear
Random Fluctuation - Hockett >>> Random occurrences or events which force new words to be
made - e.g. brexit/grexit
Get a hint
Nicolas Ostler >>> He thinks that instant translation technology will remove the need for people
to learn new languages and might prevent many languages around the world from becoming
extinct
Kachru's Circles >>> A very important model of how English has developed and is developing
across the world
McArthur >>> The circle of World English
Crystal >>> Believes that English will break up into a series of distinct dialects (and ultimately
languages?) as happened to Latin
Graddol >>> Thinks speakers of English will need to become fluent in a number of varieties of
English as the world's economy shifts away from US (India could become the most populous
country and third biggest economy in the next 10-20 years)
Typical Inner Circle speakers >>> British, American and Australian English
Typical Outer Circle speakers >>> Singlish, Indian English, Jamaican Creole
Typical Expanding Circle speaker >>> Chinese English
Attitude towards Singlish >>> Prescriptivist attitude that Singlish is wrong and speakers should
stick to the standard form of English, not creole. - Government made a speak good English
campaign.
Simon Jenkins >>> Those who don't speak English are at a 'universal disadvantage'
Alistair Pennycook (Post-colonial viewpoint) >>> English does not deserve to be the world's
language; it has only achieved this status through colonialism and brutality and has caused many
of the world's languages to disappear.
GVS >>> Great Vowel Shift
Aitchison's PIDC >>> Potential (e.g. Functionalist Theory or the influence of technology)
, Implementation (i.e. how changes come into widespread use)
Diffusion (e.g. diffusion models)
Codification (changes confirmed in dictionaries, etc)
Aitchison's main forces for change >>> Fashion, social need and foreign influence
Inkhorn Controversy >>> Thomas Wilson - foreign borrowings into English
Jean Aitchison's Language Myths >>> Crumbling Castle
Damp Spoon
Infectious Disease
Haugen's SECI >>> Selection - The language selected (usually a prestigious one)
Elaboration - developed/expanded for linguistic resources
Codification - e.g. dictionairy and written standardisation
Implementation - How changes come into widespread use
Lowth's Grammar rules >>> Polite and correct
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis >>> You can only think what your language can articulate
Reflectionism >>> Your thoughts shape your language
Lexical Gaps >>> Language follows certain patterns and where examples that would fit such
patterns are not currently in existence, there is a strong chance they'll appear
Random Fluctuation - Hockett >>> Random occurrences or events which force new words to be
made - e.g. brexit/grexit
