Midwifery - Anatomy and Physiology - Year 1 | 172 Complete Questions and Answers

Midwifery - Anatomy and Physiology - Year 1 | 172 Complete Questions and Answers What are the 3 phases of the first stage of labour? - Latent phase - 0-4cm, irregular contractions, cervical canal shortens (3cm to less than 0.5cm). Active phase - 4-8cm, regular contractions 2-5 mins apart and lasting over 60 seconds, cervix is mid to anterior/soft, effaced. Transitional - 8-10cm, can be brief lull in contractions, change in woman's behaviour. Where does fertilisation usually occur? - Ampulla of the uterine tube. What is the dosage of diamorphine and how is it given? - 5-10mg (dependent on patient size), 4 hourly and IM. What is Pica? - Craving of non-food items such as clay, soap, coal, etc. When should the nuchal translucency scan take place and what is it for? - Between 11+2 and 14+1 weeks. It checks the fluid at the back of the baby's neck and is an indicator for Down's syndrome. What is tachysystole? - More than 5 contractions in 10 minutes in spontaneous labour. What is tachycardia? - A maternal pulse rate of over 100bpm. Name 5 non-pharmacological methods of pain relief. - Water Distraction techniques TENS machine Position Massage Hypnotherapy Aromatherapy Acupuncture Breathing techniques What changes occur in the maternal respiratory system during pregnancy? - Oxygen consumption increases by up to 20-30% Rib cage expands Tidal volume increases by up to 30-40% Name 3 types of abnormal placenta. - Battledore insertion - cord inserted on the edge Velementous insertion - cord inserted through the membranes, some distance from the placenta Succenturiate lobe - a lobe which is separated from the main body but connected by the placental blood vessels Circumuallate - opaque ring Bipartite - two separate lobes and a bifurcated cord The zygote undergoes mitotic cellular division (clevage), resulting in the formation of smaller cells. What is the zygote called at each of these changes (day 1, day 3 and day 4)? - Day 1 - blastomere Day 3 - morula Day 4 - blastocyst There are 3 primary germ layers that are the main embryonic tissues, from which structures and organs develop. What are they and what develops from them? - Ectoderm - epidermis layer of skin, hair, nails and the nervous system Mesoderm - muscle, skeleton, dermis of skin, connective tissue, urogenital gland, blood vessels, blood and lymph cells Endoderm - epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory and urinary systems and glandular organs, such as the liver and the pancreas What is th