NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST Study Guide Latest

NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST Prereading - All knowledge, skills and experience that come before conventional literacy. Students gain oral vocabulary, learn sentence structure, develop phonological awareness Running record - An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading Phonological awareness - an awareness of the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words; it is a broad term that includes identifying and making rhymes, recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words, identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables. Phonemic Awareness - The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, in oral language. 5 Major Types of Tasks to develop Phonemic Awareness - 1. Recognize sets of works have similar sounds (identifying rhyming words in a sentence) 2. Learn to examine a set of words to determine which is not like the others, oddity task) 3. Learn how to blend sounds to create words 4. Divide words into their phonemes (segmenting words) and count the number of sounds in a word 5. Learn how to manipulate the sounds in a word by substituting or deleting one or many phonemes Print Concept - Understanding how text works to communicate a message. Includes handing of books and orientation of text. Ways to facilitate print concepts - Combining movement activities to convey bottom, top side. Teach the parts of a book. Experiences with different fonts and text sizes and the different meanings they have. Spacing. Writing exercises. Use of meta-language to descibe books. Alphabet Recognition - being able to identify the letters of the alphabet both capital and lowercase when asked to do so Alphabetic principle - the relationship between letters or combinations of letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes) Short Vowel sounds - every vowel has two sounds, the vocal cords are more relaxed when producing the short vowel sound because of this the sounds are often referred to as lax. They can be heard at the beginning of these words: apple, Ed, igloo, octopus, and umbrella. Digraph - n. A union of two characters representing a single sound. Diphthong - n. The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds. CVC - consonant-vowel-consonant pattern which produces a short vowel sound or a closed syllable. Consonant Clusters - - also called blends - Consonants that occur side by side within the same syllable. -No intervening vowel sound Phonics - the study of the sounds of the letters of the alphabet Phonograms - Often called word families, these end in high frequency rimes that vary only in the beginning consonant sound to make a word. For example, back, sack, black and track. Onset - the part of a syllable that comes before the vowel (e.g., str in string) Rime - The vowel and the ending consonants after the onset Semantic Cues - Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole. Children use their prior knowledge, sense of the story, and pictures to support their predicting and confirming the meaning of the text. Syntactic Cues - hints that rely on language structure or rules (sometimes called grammatical cues) Grammatical information in a text that readers process to construct meaning. Content clues - surrounding words that help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words prefix - a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning Suffix - a group of letters placed at the end of a word to change its meaning Inflectional suffixes - Indicate possession, gender, number in nouns, tense, voice, person & number & mood in verbs, and comparison in adjectives; do not change the part of speech of the base. (-ed, -ing) Sight-word recognition - 1. a word that is immediately recognized as a whole and does not require word analysis for identification. 2. a word taught as a whole. Reading Fluency - ability to decode words quickly and accurately in order to read text with appropriate word stress, pitch, and intonation pattern (prosody).. This skill requires automacity of word recognition and reading with prosody to facilitate comprehension. domain-Specific vocabulary words - Teacher discusses these when reading nonfiction in order to develop content clues Visual Clues - helps students construct meaning from unfamiliar text Context clues - Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word. Picture walk - A visual clues strategy. Before reading a picture book, teacher invites students to look at the pictures and try to form an idea about the story. After text is read, discuss the predictions and how they compared to the actual text Cloze exercise - A context clues strategy. An activity in which students replace words that have been deleted from a text. Prior Knowledge - learner's preexisting attitudes, experiences, and knowledge: Schema - an internal representation of the world. Needs to be activated before learning something new. K-W-L charts are examples. Field trips and hands-on experiences help to increase prior knowledge. used in Jean piaget theory Think-aloud - A modeling activity in which the teacher verbalizes the teacher's thoughts while reading; used to model ways in which skilled readers make predictions, use visualization, related prior knowledge, and monitor and self-correct their comprehensions. Literal comprehension - refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowledge of vocabulary, details and cause-effect patterns) Identifying the sequence of events - When a student can recognize the order that actions or ideas occurred in a text and then recall them in chronological order. Words such as now, before, first, following and since are important. Story walk - teacher walks through story, pointing out order of events as they happened Story map - A graphic organizer of major events and ideas from a story to help guide students' thinking and heighten their awareness of the structure of stories. The teacher can model this process by filling out a chart on an overhead while reading. Or students can complete a chart individually or in groups after a story is read, illustrating or noting characters, setting, compare/contrast, problem/solution, climax, conflict, and so forth. Inferential Comprehension Skills - skills that assist students to make connections to new info in texts by drawing conclusions, determining relationships, conceptualizing implied ideas. Reading in between the lines. Making inferences requires several reading behaviors: recognizing a pronoun's antecedent, learning unknown words from context clues, identifying bias, etc... Inferences - conclusions that a reader draws based on clues in the story and his/her own knowledge Ways to model making inferences - think-alouds, referents, asking questions that are often "Think and Search". Write down a sequence of events from the story line and ask students to script the missing pieces using what they know about characters, setting and other related clues. Students can read their own sentences and look for referents, context clues and details of events Faulty reasoning - an argument based on stereotypes, generalizations, loaded words or opinions. Loaded word - Word used to evoke very strong positive or negative attitudes toward a person, group, or idea by using connotation Schema theory - Students make meaning by using their previous experiences to understand new ones. For students to comprehend and interpret their readings, teachers must help students activate prior knowledge to help them make sense of the new information. Helps retention and comprehension K-W-L - KWL ("Know", "Want to Know", "Learned") charts encourage students to use prior knowledge and personal curiosity while researching a subject or a topic. This strategy is especially useful in reading classes, but is also useful in plenty of other subjects, like science and social studies. Anticipation Guides - comprehension strategy that is used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge and build curiosity about a new topic. They help students make connections between new information and prior knowledge. Used to motivate reluctant readers by stimulating their information word sorts - A word-study activity in which words on cards are grouped according to designated categories, as by spelling or vowel patterns, or meanings, etc. Helps students make sense of new vocabulary double-entry journal - A note taking strategy to improve comprehension. This is a double entry record in which a student takes notes and adds reflections while reading any text. A two column format is used. Typically, the left column is used to record specific statements from a test that are important to the reader in understanding the text. The right column is used to record responses and reactions to those statements personal connections - How and why we enjoy and appreciate what we read. Help you use your prior knowledge to understand characters, draw conclusions, make generalizations, inferences and understand cause and effect relationships. T-S - Text-Self. Part of a code students use to highlight passages they personally relate to code - notes made on the reading that highlight passages that "speak" to them personally SQ3R - a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review survey - a brief first look at the text to look for clues to its organization. Bold and italic words, titles and subtitles are noted and used to organize students notes as they read Cornel Notes Method - Left side is for recording main idea, Right side is for details about the main ideas, bottom = summary Think-aloud benefits - Students who understand their own reading behavior are more likely to recognize when they do not understand what they are reading and to adjust using various reading comprehension strategies. Can be done with partner who takes notes, can be done alone with sheet filled out after, can be used by teacher to assess students reading habits. Say Something - A during reading activity that helps students monitor their reading comprehension. In small groups students take turns reading and commenting on text. Shared observations help students get meaning from text Bloom's taxonomy of questions - hierarchy of 6 levels of thinking/complexity, ordering of questions ensures each step of inquiry learning is properly scaffolded (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation) QAR - Question-answer relationship; readers learn how to answer questions, delineate between explicit and implicit information, and draw on background knowledge: "right there," "think and search," "author and you," and "on your own" questions. written or oral retelling - helps teachers assess a student's reading comprehension level by checking for literal and inferential understanding. Focus with recall question, clarifying, extending, raising the level of questioning