BIS 2C Pre-Lab 4 (Graded A+)

Question 1. Based on figure 4.1, is it correct to state that we understand deep relationships among Eukaryotes? How do we represent ambiguity in branching pattern on phylogenetic trees? Hint: look at figure 1.27. No, we cannot say we understand deep relationships among Eukaryotes because there is a polytomy that represents ambiguity on the phylogenetic tree. No, you cannot define deep relationships amongst eukaryotes because the nodes include polytomies which signifies ambiguity/indefinite between taxa Question 2. Do a little internet research and provide three specific examples of medical uses of plants. Some possible examples include turmeric, aspirin, quinine, taxol, etc. Echinacea (cold/flu), Chamomile (anxiety), Gingko (brain health) Echinacea for cold/flu symptoms, Chamomile for calming effect for anxiety, Gingko to treat alzheimer's/dementia Question 3. Find the node that defines the Embryophytes or Land Plants. List two synapomorphies of this group. Waxy cuticle, multicellular embryo multicellular embryo and waxy cuticle Question 4. List the two major lineages on the phylogeny that have vascular tissue but lack seeds. Tracheophytes, Euphyllophytes Question 5. Which group has vascular tissue, seeds, and pollen but no flowers or fruit? Gymnosperms Question 6. Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg to make a diploid zygote. Is the zygote stage unicellular or multicellular? Unicellular Question 7. Why are spores, as opposed to sperm, the primary means of dispersal in moss? Spores may be dispersed more efficiently and can survive in extreme conditions and ensure growth opportunities on many different surfaces/environments Question 8. In contrast to moss, vascular plants such as ferns have a dominant sporophyte. Provide two advantages of having a dominant sporophyte as opposed to a dominant gametophyte. 1) Sporophyte phase is diploid rathe