Ecology 541 - Haney questions with correct answers

Behavioral ecology Functional consequences of behavior Related to nutrition and reproduction Behavior Anything an animal does For behavior to evolve it must be variable and inherited Proximate Causes an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. example: peppered moth has colored wings bc of genetics Ultimate Causes thought of as the "real" reason something occurred. example: peppered moth has colored wings due to survival rates of camouflage vs. non camouflaged Benefit/cost analysis Benefits and cost of a change in behavior are a trade off that depend on survivability example: an animal may be more sexually attractive to a mate by a reduced horn size, however that smaller horn size may decrease protection from predators True Predators kill and consume prey quickly Grazers Only eat part of preys, harm but do not kill Parasites live on or in the organisms they consume Parasitoids organisms that lay eggs inside other organisms example: glamerata wasp places eggs in caterpillar and they live off that boy, nasty af optimal foraging theory Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food. Search for food is only worth as much energy, dont spend more energy than food is worth or ya doomed Dumb moose stuff Moose feed on fish rather than vegitation for sodium bc sodium good for buffering of blood, homeostasis of bodily fluids, hair production, nerve transmission, reproduction, lactation Vegetation is high in energy but low in salt Foraging in groups Often able to find food faster, also allows for protections from predators, such as bird swarms Bees as Social Insects Queen - mate once with multiple drones (thotiana) Drones - sexual males with no stingers (f*ck boys) Workers - sterile females (basically bees need feminism or something) Bee Dance 1) food quality (shares taste) 2) Food quantity (contact & recruit) more workers) 3) Direction of food (orientation on hive) 4) Distance to food (duration of dance) Altruism the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. inclusive fitness The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring. Goal of Evolutionary Altruism increase copies of a shared gene Parental Care Any action by which an animal expends energy or assumes risks to benefit its offspring to increase gene pool Patch Distribution distribution of resources Uniform Distribution Distribution where populations are spaced evenly mainly for social relations i guess random distribution organisms arranged in no particular pattern (animals probs like to live without contest but that kind of just my assumption) Growth rate per capita r = birth rate/ death rate Ecology Circle Genetics Physiology Behavior Evolution Umwelt "World Around" Umwelt in ecology means environment Instrumentalism attempt to measure features of the world objectively to minimize bias of human observers Reynolds Number Viscosity of a medium inversely related to size of organism Darwins Finches I mean everyone knows this crap already bc its taught in basically every science class to ever exist but whatever Finch have different beak size bc they fill different niche Polymorphism 2nd form of same species Moths and british pollution Black moth survived while peppered moth died bc black soot laced the trees and black moth had better camouflage Red Queen Hypothesis Evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate not merely to gain reproductive advantage, but also simply to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in a constantly changing environment. brood parasitism 1) eviction of nesting female (mafia birds) 2) Removal of eggs 3) Disposal of young (nest farming) organismal ecology The branch of ecology concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments. population ecology the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease