Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was the first Although Wundts work marked the beginning of experimental psy
person to call themselves a psychologist as the scientific approach in psych, it was questioned as not being ob
its own discipline, he established the first since science should study the observable (empiricism) to test the
psychology lab at Leipzig Uni where he
would use the introspection method. Features of science:
Wundt would present carefully controlled 1)Wundt’s
F- falsifiability refers to the ability to test wheth
stimuli e.g. visual images or auditory tones method and
right or wrong, only possible if the study is repli
(ticking metronome) and his colleagues the 2)scientific
hypothesis is operationalised/testable
were given the standardised instruction of approach
O- objectivity refers to whether a study is free f
providing a description of the inner should only be based on observable facts
processes they were experiencing. R- reliability refers to whether a study can be re
Introspection is used to systematically standardised instructions so that others can gai
analyse ones own thought processes, E- empiricism refers to whether a study produce
feelings, emotions and sensations evidence which means directly observable mea
2)Practical applications- Helped 1)Unscientific method- Wundt's use of introspection is non empir
E psychologists better understand human subjective as it relies on non observable responses e.g. memory &
v behaviour by improving their theories in decreases reliability (external validity) of the claim about introspe
a light of new research due to falsifiability research cant consistently produce the same results so it hasn’t le
l (where objectivity can verify progress- therefore… Wundt’s method is an effective assessment
u or falsify findings)- increases 1)No practical applications- Stopped psychologists from better understanding hu
a validity since it’s led by not improving their theories in light of new research because its difficult to ve
t to scientific findings (falsifiability)- decreases validity since it prevents scientific progress- the
i progress- 2)Low ecological validity- Objective & controlled lab conds are unrepresentative of natural settin
o therefore… as it doesn’t test the unobservable complexity of the mind- decreases generalizability (external v
n claim about scientific approach- therefore…the scientific method is an effective assessment of th
,Learning through association- Pavlov was Classical Operant Learning through conseq
a Russian physiologist who taught a dog conditio conditioning 1)Positive reinforcement
an association between stimulus and ning are rewarded once a beh
food. Before condition- Food (US)Salivate performed making it mo
(UR), During- Food + Bell Salivate (UR), Behaviourist reoccur, 2)Negative is wh
After- Bell w/o food (CS)Salivate (CR). approach/theory rewarded by avoiding so
Stimulus generalisation- If a stimulus is unpleasant, 3)Punishme
Behaviour is learnt from
similar to CS, it has the same response unpleasant consequence
experience (nurture
(varying bell pitch). Stimulus making it less likely to re
debate), lab experiments
discrimination-If stimulus and CS are too “box” 1) gave a rat food
& observable behaviours
different it has no response. Time pressed the lever and th
are involved as it enables
contiguity- Stimulus and CS have to be light turned on electrocu
generalisations &
presented at the same time to have the pressing the lever as soo
development of findings
same response this. It took a few attemp
Practical application- Classical conditioning has led to systematic Oversimplistic as it takes the nurture side
E desensitisation which has been used to successfully treat phobias, vs nurture debate- Behavioural psycholog
v it replaces the learned anxious response (CR) to an object or behaviour is caused by classical and opera
a situation (CS) w/ a positive response (relaxation)- increases & ignores the wealth of evidence that sug
l validity of the claim about classical and/or operant conditioning factors also contribute (e.g. genes)- decre
u since treatment is based on the explanation- therefore…human since many disagree with the one sided vi
Oversimplistic as it takes the determinism side
a behaviour can be understood by the behaviourist approach
High control over extraneous variables- It’s a lab experiment so vs determinism debate- Behavioural psycholog
t
the R can be confident it’s the IV (neutral stimuli/consequence) human behaviour is the product of external infl
i
causing the DV (behaviour), establishes cause and effect since we have no control over so we cant be held re
o
all P’s had the same controlled conditions- increases validity decreases validity since many disagree e.g. hum
n
since there are no confounding variables- therefore… we have the freewill to choose how to behave
person to call themselves a psychologist as the scientific approach in psych, it was questioned as not being ob
its own discipline, he established the first since science should study the observable (empiricism) to test the
psychology lab at Leipzig Uni where he
would use the introspection method. Features of science:
Wundt would present carefully controlled 1)Wundt’s
F- falsifiability refers to the ability to test wheth
stimuli e.g. visual images or auditory tones method and
right or wrong, only possible if the study is repli
(ticking metronome) and his colleagues the 2)scientific
hypothesis is operationalised/testable
were given the standardised instruction of approach
O- objectivity refers to whether a study is free f
providing a description of the inner should only be based on observable facts
processes they were experiencing. R- reliability refers to whether a study can be re
Introspection is used to systematically standardised instructions so that others can gai
analyse ones own thought processes, E- empiricism refers to whether a study produce
feelings, emotions and sensations evidence which means directly observable mea
2)Practical applications- Helped 1)Unscientific method- Wundt's use of introspection is non empir
E psychologists better understand human subjective as it relies on non observable responses e.g. memory &
v behaviour by improving their theories in decreases reliability (external validity) of the claim about introspe
a light of new research due to falsifiability research cant consistently produce the same results so it hasn’t le
l (where objectivity can verify progress- therefore… Wundt’s method is an effective assessment
u or falsify findings)- increases 1)No practical applications- Stopped psychologists from better understanding hu
a validity since it’s led by not improving their theories in light of new research because its difficult to ve
t to scientific findings (falsifiability)- decreases validity since it prevents scientific progress- the
i progress- 2)Low ecological validity- Objective & controlled lab conds are unrepresentative of natural settin
o therefore… as it doesn’t test the unobservable complexity of the mind- decreases generalizability (external v
n claim about scientific approach- therefore…the scientific method is an effective assessment of th
,Learning through association- Pavlov was Classical Operant Learning through conseq
a Russian physiologist who taught a dog conditio conditioning 1)Positive reinforcement
an association between stimulus and ning are rewarded once a beh
food. Before condition- Food (US)Salivate performed making it mo
(UR), During- Food + Bell Salivate (UR), Behaviourist reoccur, 2)Negative is wh
After- Bell w/o food (CS)Salivate (CR). approach/theory rewarded by avoiding so
Stimulus generalisation- If a stimulus is unpleasant, 3)Punishme
Behaviour is learnt from
similar to CS, it has the same response unpleasant consequence
experience (nurture
(varying bell pitch). Stimulus making it less likely to re
debate), lab experiments
discrimination-If stimulus and CS are too “box” 1) gave a rat food
& observable behaviours
different it has no response. Time pressed the lever and th
are involved as it enables
contiguity- Stimulus and CS have to be light turned on electrocu
generalisations &
presented at the same time to have the pressing the lever as soo
development of findings
same response this. It took a few attemp
Practical application- Classical conditioning has led to systematic Oversimplistic as it takes the nurture side
E desensitisation which has been used to successfully treat phobias, vs nurture debate- Behavioural psycholog
v it replaces the learned anxious response (CR) to an object or behaviour is caused by classical and opera
a situation (CS) w/ a positive response (relaxation)- increases & ignores the wealth of evidence that sug
l validity of the claim about classical and/or operant conditioning factors also contribute (e.g. genes)- decre
u since treatment is based on the explanation- therefore…human since many disagree with the one sided vi
Oversimplistic as it takes the determinism side
a behaviour can be understood by the behaviourist approach
High control over extraneous variables- It’s a lab experiment so vs determinism debate- Behavioural psycholog
t
the R can be confident it’s the IV (neutral stimuli/consequence) human behaviour is the product of external infl
i
causing the DV (behaviour), establishes cause and effect since we have no control over so we cant be held re
o
all P’s had the same controlled conditions- increases validity decreases validity since many disagree e.g. hum
n
since there are no confounding variables- therefore… we have the freewill to choose how to behave
