Elementary Statistics - Final Exam 2023

Elementary Statistics - Final Exam 2023 1. What does the notation P(za) denote: The notation P(za) denotes the prob- ability that the z-score is less than a 2. point estimate: A point estimate is a single value used to approximate a popula- tion parameter 3. Z-score: When a data value is converted to a standardized scale representing the number of standard deviations the data value lies from the mean, we call the new value a . 4. s: The symbol for sample standard deviation is . 5. Degrees of Freedom: Degrees of Freedom Number of data points that are free to vary based on the person who is responding (ex: mood that day, etc.; gender is the same every day) 6. Population: Population The entire collection of individuals for about which infor- mation is sought. 7. Sample: A subset of a population containing individuals who are actually ob- served. 8. Simple Random Sample: Every sample of size n has the same chance of be being chosen (selected). 9. Cluster Sampling: Items are drawn from the population in groups or clusters. 10. Systematic Sampling: The population items are ordered in a list then every Kth item is sampled. 11. Voluntary Response Samples (self-selected sample): When people choose to participate in the sample, usually only people with strong opinions choose to participate. 12. lower class limit: the least number that can belong to a class 13. upper class limit: the least number that can belong to a class 14. class width: is found by subtracting a lower class limit from the next consecutive lower class limit. 15. range: the difference between the maximum data entry and the minimum data value 16. census: is NOT a measure of center 17. data: collection of observations, measurements, gender or survey responses single data. 18. measure of center: A value at the center or middle of a data set is a(n) . 19. compound event: A is any event combining two or more simple events. 20. "Always true": In a symmetric and bell-shaped distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same. 21. voluntary response sample (self-selected sample): is one in which the re- spondents themselves decide whether to be included. 22. parameter: is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population 23. unusual: A data value is considered if its z-score is less than -2 or greater than 2. 24. the corresponding z-score is negative: Whenever a data value is less than the mean, . 25. sample space: The for a procedure consists of all possible simple events or all outcomes that cannot be broken down any further. 26. equally likely: The classical approach to probability requires that the outcomes are . 27. the law of large numbers: As a procedure is repeated again and again, the relative frequency of an event tends to approach the actual probability. This is known as . 28. NOT A PRINCIPLE OF PROBABILITY: All events are equally likely in any probability procedure 29. addition rule: When using the always be careful to avoid double- counting outcomes. 30. disjoint: Events that are cannot occur at the same time.