NSCI 175 Exam 1 Questions with complete Answers 2023

NSCI 175 Exam 1 Questions with complete Answers 2023 Why are a broad perspective and an interdisciplinary approach required for understanding the brain? Choose the correct option. A. Understanding the brain requires the analysis of one approach at a time to yield a new synthesis. B. Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from the structure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of the brain. C. Understanding the brain requires the study of the different species of the brain. D. Understanding the brain is a focused area in natural science with the brain serving as the common point of focus. B. Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from the structure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of the brain. A neuroscientist investigates how different neural circuits in the brain analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements. At what level of analysis is this research conducted? A. Cognitive neuroscience level B. Molecular neuroscience level C. Cellular neuroscience level D. Systems neuroscience level D. Systems neuroscience level At which level of analysis do neuroscientists study the different types of neurons and their functions? Choose the correct option. A. Cognitive neuroscience B. Cellular neuroscience C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Molecular neuroscience B. Cellular neuroscience What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain? A. Animal brains are easier to obtain than human brains. B. Animal brains are identical to human brains but only smaller in size. C. Brain mechanisms that motivate any reaction are identical in animal and human brains. D. The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms. D. The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms. What is the difference between replication and verification? A. Replication tests a hypothesis whereas verification rechecks the hypothesis. B. Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer. C. Replication and verification are not essentially different. D. Replication can only be done once whereas verification can be done many times. B. Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer. An example of an observation in the scientific process would be (select all that apply): A. lesioning the hippocampus to see what happens to memory B. cutting nerve fibers to see what happens to movement C. verifying an observation D. repeating an experiment on a different group of patients A. lesioning the hippocampus to see what happens to memory B. cutting nerve fibers to see what happens to movement The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is formed by the animal rights representatives. A. True B. False B. False Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. A. Animals selected for procedures should be of an appropriate species, quality, and the minimum number required to obtain valid results. B. Living conditions of animals should be appropriate for their species and contribute to their health and comfort. C. Proper use of animals, including the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative. D. Investigators and other personnel do not need any training to conduct animal experiments. E. Procedures involving animals should be designed and performed with due consideration of their relevance to human or animal health, the advancement of knowledge, or the good of society A, B, C, and E A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of a neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? A. Organelle B. Neuronal membrane C. Soma D. Nuclear envelope B. Neuronal membrane What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A. RNA splicing B. Post-translational protein processing C. Cellular respiration D. Site of protein synthesis D. Site of protein synthesis What is a primary function of MAPs? A. Regulate the function and assembly of microfilaments B. Regulate the function and assembly of microtubules C. Regulate the function and assembly of cytoskeleton D. Regulate the function and assembly of neurofilaments B. Regulate the function and assembly of microtubules The neuron doctrine stipulates that neurons A. are continuous with one another through a system of tubes. B. are not continuous with one another. C. plus glial cells form functional units. D. depend on one another for their metabolic needs. B. are not continuous with one another. Some neurons have long axon that stretches from one part of the CNS to another. What are these called? A. Motor neurons B. Interneurons C. projection neurons D. local circuit neurons C. projection neurons Primary sensory neurons: A. command movement B. are the most abundant cells in the brain C. form connections only with other neurons D. have neurites in the sensory surfaces of the body D. have neurites in the sensory surfaces of the body What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? A. Form gap junctions B. Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft C. Release synaptic vesicles D. Detect neurotransmitters D. Detect neurotransmitters Neurons can be classified based on (select all that apply): A. dendritic trees B. nodes of Ranvier C. gene expression D. number of neurites E. axon length A, C, D, and E "Spiny" and "aspinous" refers to a property of A. myelin B. dendrites C. astrocytes D. axon length B. dendrites The major function of Schwann cells is the A. myelination of axons in the brain. B. myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. C. transmission of nutrients to neurons. D. scavenging of cellular debris. B. myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. The gaps between segments of myelin are known as A. terminal boutons. B. synaptic clefts. C. cytoplasm. D. nodes of Ranvier. D. nodes of Ranvier. These cells are the most numerous cells in the brain. A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Pyramidal cells D. Stellate cells B. Astrocytes A neuron without myelin would propagate nerve impulses: A. quickly B. only under some conditions C. slowly D. not at all C. slowly Which of the following are a function of microglia? A. Engulfing dead cells and debris B. Release acetylcholine C. Remodeling synaptic connections D. Both A and C D. Both A and C The primary function of oligodendroglia is: A. remove debris left by dead or degenerating brain cells B. myelinate cells in the peripheral nervous system C. regulate chemical content of extracellular space D. myelinate neuron in the brain and spinal cord D. myelinate neuron in the brain and spinal cord Which of these are functions of astrocytes? (select all that apply) A. astrocytes express NG2 and can become neurons B. astrocytes play a role in synaptogenesis (the formation of new synapses) C. astrocytes participate in synaptic pruning (removal of synapses) D. astrocytes bidirectionally signal with neurons, shaping synaptic transmission B and D Some glial cells have neurotransmitter receptors. True False True What kind of cells can NG2 cells become? A. neurons B. oligodendrocytes C. microglia D. A & B D. A and B What is the resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A. Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular fluid B. Generation and conduction of action potential at rest C. Positive charge inside the membrane with respect to outside at rest D. Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest D. Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest Which of the following are the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons? A. Anions B. Ions C. Cations D. Proteins B. Ions How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membrane potential? A. Encourages chemical interactions with water B. Catalyzes chemical reactions C. Forms a barrier to water-soluble ions and water D. Integrates cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluid C. Forms a barrier to water-soluble ions and water Which force other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion? A. Electrical conductance B. Electrical resistance C. Sodium potassium pump D. Selective ionic permeability D. Selective ionic permeability How does the sodium potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential? A. Exchanges a sodium and a potassium for a calcium B. Pumps potassium in and sodium out C. Pumps sodium in and potassium out D. Uses calcium to pump sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients B. Pumps potassium in and sodium out What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential? A. Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration B. Difference in concentration between region with high ionic concentration and region with low ionic concentration C. Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient D. Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for a particular ion C. Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient Which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels? A. Gating properties B. Number of protein molecules assembling to form a pore C. Number of ion channels in the membrane D. Nature of the groups lining the ion channel D. Nature of the groups lining the ion channel Distinguish between the head and tail of phospholipids. A. The phospholipids have a nonpolar head and polar tail. B. The phospholipid head is hydrophobic and the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophilic. C. The phospholipids head contains hydrophilic phosphate and tail contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon. D. The phospholipid heads face each other and tails face the watery extracellular and intracellular environments. C. The phospholipids head contains hydrophilic phosphate and tail contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon. How are ion channels and ion pumps different? A. Ion channels are always open and allow ions to constantly flow and ion pumps require energy (ATP) to open B. Ion channels allow ions to passively diffuse across the cell membrane through their pores (when open) and ion pumps require energy (ATP) to actively transport ions across the cell membrane C. Ion channels are proteins and ion pumps are not D. There are many types of ion channels, and only one type of ion pump B. Ion channels allow ions to passively diffuse across the cell membrane through their pores (when open) and ion pumps require energy (ATP) to actively transport ions across the cell membrane A simple reflex requires the nervous system to perform three functions. Two of these functions are to collect and distribute information. What is the third function? A. Process information B. Translate information C. Integrate information D. Disintegrate information C. Integrate information Imagine a cell with a semi-permeable membrane that is selective to K+ ions only. The internal solution contains 100 mM KCl and the external solution contains 1 mM KCl. What equation would you use to determine the potential (EK) developed across the membrane? A. Molarity equation B. Goldman equation C. Nernst equation D. Ion equation C. Nernst equation Imagine a cell with a semi-permeable membrane that is selective to K+ ions only. The internal solution contains 100 mM KCl and the external solution contains 1 mM KCl. If 100 mM NaCl were added to the inside of the cell, what would be the effect on the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell? A. there would be no effect B. the cell would hyperpolarize C. the cell would depolarize A. there would be no effect Why is the resting membrane potential so much closer to EK than it is to ENa? A. at rest, PNa > PK B. at rest, EK is more negative than ENa is positive—you simply add them up to get the resting potential C. at rest, PK > PNa C. at rest, PK > PNa What is meant by the action potential threshold? A. Critical level at which electrical current is injected through a microelectrode B. Critical level of hyperpolarization required to trigger an action potential C. The action potential threshold is the same as the generator potential D. Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential D. Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential What is the absolute refractory period? A. The period when the firing frequency is at about 1000 Hz. B. The period when the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close. C. The time period of 1 msec after one action potential is initiated and before the next one is initiated. D. The period when it is difficult to initiate another action potential for several milliseconds due to sodium channel inactivation. C. The time period of 1 msec after one action potential is initiated and before the next one is initiated. The movement of what ion is reflected in the rising phase of the action potential? A. Inward Na+ B. Inward K+ C. Outward K+ D. Outward Na+ A. Inward Na+ What type of channel is affected by tetrodotoxin (TTX)? A. TTX blocks Cl- ion channels. B. K+ channels are blocked by TTX. C. TTX sensitizes voltage-gated Na+ ion channels. D. TTX blocks the Na+ channel by binding tightly to a specific site on the outside of the channel. D. TTX blocks the Na+ channel by binding tightly to a specific site on the outside of the channel. How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open? A. Voltage-gated potassium channels open as soon as the membrane is depolarized beyond threshold. B. Voltage-gated potassium channels take about 3 msec to open after depolarization. C. Voltage-gated potassium channels open when action potential fire at maximal frequency. D. Voltage-gated potassium channels do not open immediately upon depolarization; they take about 1 msec to open after the membrane is depolarized. D. Voltage-gated potassium channels do not open immediately upon depolarization; they take about 1 msec to open after the membrane is depolarized. What property of the voltage-gated potassium channels allows K+ ions to pass? A. Depolarization causes the four polypeptide subunits specific to the voltage-gated K+ channel to twist into a shape that allows the K+ ions to pass. B. The voltage-gated potassium channels open when the polypeptide sub-units are disinhibited. C. Two polypeptide subunits are synthesized when the membrane is depolarized, allowing the K+ ions to pass. D. Depolarization causes the subunits to disintegrate so K+ ions can pass through the membrane. A. Depolarization causes the four polypeptide subunits specific to the voltage-gated K+ channel to twist into a shape that allows the K+ ions to pass.