CALT Exam Prep complete solved solution

CALT Exam Prep complete solved solution orthography - the spelling of written language orthographic memory - memory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - awareness of language as an entity guided discovery - a method of leading students to new learning through questioning Heuristic - means to discover by demonstration grapheme - a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound decoding - word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word blending - fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units reading - symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme morpheme - the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. morphology - the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words fricative - a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / nasal sound - a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m / continuant sound - a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f / stop consonant sound - a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d / aspiration - puff of air Norman Invasion - 1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters Number words one to a thousand - Anglo-Saxon Most of the basic color words - Anglo-Saxon The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - Anglo-Saxon Outer body parts - Anglo-Saxon Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - Anglo-Saxon Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - Anglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - Anglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - Anglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - Anglo-Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - Anglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - Anglo-Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - Anglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - Anglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - Anglo-Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - Anglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - Anglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - Anglo-Saxon Most pronouns: he, she, us - Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression - Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - Latin Words with j: joint, journal - Latin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - Latin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - Latin Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - Latin Medical , technical and scientific words - Greek Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone - Greek Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid - Greek Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope - Greek Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete - Greek Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme - Greek Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter - Greek Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra - Greek Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus - Greek Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology - Greek Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology - Greek Rapid letter naming - key to automatic word recognition decoding and encoding - refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words - decoding Effective handwriting instruction - includes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter McGuffey Readers - Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s. Rudolph Flesch - Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) NICHD - Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965) "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967) Basal Reading Programs - These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) G. Reid Lyon - Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) National Reading Panel Report - Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000) Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - 85% (NICHD) Five critical components of reading instruction - phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - initial, medial, final Middle - means very center Medial - means between initial and final V - vowel C - consonant Paired equivalent sounds - /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ How are our decks aligned and why?*** - Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Code marks - breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary Digraph - two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together Combinations - pattern of letters which occurs frequently together closed - a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usually short open - a syllable that ends in a vowel Vowel consonant e - syllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a consonant followed by a silent e Vowel team - syllable with two adjacent vowels R controlled - syllable with a vowel r combination F.S.S. final stable syllable*** - a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequently in the final position of English words. V - vowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and u are half long. When is Vr not a combination? - Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y Base word - plain old English word Root - a word without affixes or endings Affix - a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or root Suffix - a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change the meaning or usage Prefix - letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word to change the meaning c and g - make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y age (ij) - French ending ate (it) or (at) - French ending ice (is) - French ending ine (in) or (en) - French ending ise (is) - French ending ive (iv) - French ending ain (in) - French ending esque (esk) - French ending ile (il) - French ending ique (ik) - French ending ite (it) - French ending current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that - a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by - lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - a poor visual learner Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given in this manner intelligence test - identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet achievement test - designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT) norm-referenced test - assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS) criterion-referenced test - assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?).