NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam

NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Acute renal failure - ANS Reversible Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well Acute Pyelonephritis - ANS Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANS Goals of Treatment: Manage acute pain Promote passage of stone Reduce size of stone Prevent new stone formation Chronic Renal Failure - ANS Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANS End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms. Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present: --Metabolic acidosis. --Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.