MCAT AAMC flashcard questions and answers 2023

MCAT AAMC flashcard questions and answers 2023 Pressure (fluid) pgh density x g x change in height Nearsighted (myopic) Diverging lens; image is focused in front of retina Farsighted (hyperopia) Converging lens; image is focused beyond the retina Index Speed of air (Vair) / Speed of medium (Vmedium) Ratio of h(image) to h(object) f of image/ f of object Ratio of O/I distance = Ratio of O/I height Mass of O/mass of submerged density of O/ density of fluid Mass of O = 15, Mass of fluid loss = 5 15/5 = 3 = ratio of density of O/density of fluid density of fluid = 0.7 -> density of O = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 Hydrostatic pressure The pressure at the bottom of a tube of height h filled with liquid of density = pgh due to the weight of the liquid. Speed of a WAVE v=f(lamda) Unknown O = 31.6N Apparent weight = 19.8N specific gravity of sample? Unknown O force / Liquid displaced force 32N / (32N-20N) = 32/12 = 8/3 = 2.66 Apoptosis Cytochrome C release from MT Cell shrinkage and blebbing Caspase activation Specific activity of a protein Measure of the enzyme units per mg of total protein in a solution Provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture Disruption of 2 S-S bond 2 molecules of NADH (reducing agent) Sociological concept of Medicalization A problem becomes described in medical terminology and treated by medical professions Behavior problem (alcoholism) becomes described and treated as a medical condition when it was not previously conceived in that way Social stigma an attribute that is devalued Derived from symbolic interactionist perspective in sociology and calls attention to how certain individuals or groups face social disapproval. Often, the social disapproval is associated with a behavior, identity, or other attribute that is considered deviant by others Looking-glass self Self concept as a product of social interaction, emerging out of the way an individuals perceives others to view him or her More than the product of self-reflection The way in which people see themselves is based on how they believe others perceive them during social interaction Social epidemiology The social determinants of health and disease Dramaturgical approach to social interaction An individual will modify his or her front stage self in response to the perceived audience Dramaturgical approach Front stage self back stage self Impression management Communication Validity to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied Role strain Stress experienced from contradictory demands of the same social role Ex) physician demand of extending life with interventions while accepting the reality of death Ethnographic research Observing social interactions in real social setting Actor-observer bias Actor's tendency to explain his/her own behavior by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor's behavior by internal stable traits Diathesis-stress model Integrate the influence of biological predispositions and the environment Learned helplessness Uncontrollable exposer to an aversive stimulus results in learned helplessness, independent of the intensity of the punishment Regular breathing and regular, slow brain waves Stage 3 - deep sleep stage Humanistic perspective Explain behavior through self-concept and incongruence Neural plasticity Changes in brain size as a function of environmental influences Social facilitation A participant is asked solve an easy puzzle in front of other participant Encoding specificity effect Enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning Belief perseverence The tendency to hold on a set of beliefs in spite of being faced by evidence that proves otherwise Hindsight bias inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it. Long-term potentiation The consistent process of strengthening neural synapses according to various activation patterns. As a synapse strengthens, the signal transmission time becomes quicker. For example: a mouse is placed in a maze, and in one of the corners is a piece of cheese. Assuming the mouse is successful, and finds the cheese, the mouse will more easily find the cheese (if put in the same place), next time he is placed in the maze. CAT scan and MRI To study the structure of the brain fMRI and PET scan fMRI - detect brain activity PET - detect brain activity using radioactive glucose tracers Latent learning A form of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or punishment Binocular depth cue Retinal disparity - the space between the eyes that allows binocular vision to create depth perception. Motion parallax A depth cue that results from our motion. As we move, objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than do objects that are in the distance. Good insulator; poor conductor Electrons in the material cannot easily move from one atom to another The valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, and it takes a great amount of energy to free them from their atomic energy levels A volume of gas at higher Pressure (1 atm -> 500 atm) Somewhat more than ideal gas volume because of the space occupied by the individual gas molecules During titration, the pH at which a color change is observed depends on the: pKa of indicator (Hin) The indictor will change color over a specific pH range. The range at which the color change takes place depends on the point at which Hin is converted to In-, and this depends on the pKa of the indicator. Which substance is more likely to be more soluble in HCl than NaOH? A. AgCl B. Pb(OH)2 C. CaF2 D. HI As the basic anion is consumed, the dissolution reaction is driven to the right by Le Chatelier's principle Sperm movement from male testis to the fertilization in the female Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube Level of albumin at HIGH An influx of interstitial fluid into the bloodstream Single spermatocyte with double chromosomal duplication before tetrad formation Normal 1 spermatocyte - 4 haploid sperm Abnormal duplication - 4 diploid sperm