D094 Exam Prep

D094 EXAM PREP Arnold Gesell theorized that children develop according to distinct developmental stages Ans- True Which 2 activities should an 18 month-old be able to perform? Ans- Stacking books & using fingers to eat crackers Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (pyramid) Ans- self-actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, & physiological. Self-actualization (Maslow) Ans- personal growth, fulfillment, & realization needs of one's personal potential as a human being. "To become everything one is capable of becoming." esteem (Maslow) Ans- Self respect, respect from others, achievement, independence, status, & prestige needs. Love and Belonging (Maslow) Ans- Friendships, intimacy, trust, romance & love needs Safety (Maslow) Ans- Protection from the elements, financial & physical security, law & order, & freedom from fear needs Physiological (Maslow) Ans- Biological requirements for survival like food, water, shelter, & clothing Maslow's expanded hierarchy of needs Ans- Transcendence, self-actualization, aesthetic, cognitive, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological. (First 4 are growth needs, last 4 are deficiency needs) Physiological Needs are the 1st needs that must be met in Maslow's hierarchy Ans- True Lucas is a 4th grade student who has read almost every book in the class library. He asks his teacher if she'll bring him some "bigger kid" books to read because he's bored with the material in the classroom. Which need is he trying to satisfy? Ans- Cognitive Anika has served on student council for the past 2 years. Now that she's a senior, she believes she's more than qualified to serve as student council president, so she decides to run for office. Anika is attempting to meet a safety need. Ans- False (either esteem or love/belonging) The school calls an assembly each quarter to distribute academic achievement awards to students who've mastered a B average or higher that quarter. Ans- Deficiency need: Esteem A teacher provides students with multiple opportunities for cooperative group activities Ans- Deficiency need: love and belonging A school institutes a rigorous anti bullying program Ans- Deficiency need: safety The school cafeteria opens early to provide free and reduced price breakfast to eligible students AnsDeficiency need: physiological stages of physical development (Arnold Gesell) Ans- Infancy: birth-2 years old, adding motor skills, holding up head, rolling over, reaching for things, sitting, crawling, & walking. By 2 they're walking with increased coordination, manipulating toys in hands, feeding themselves, making towers of cubes, jump/running awkwardly, throwing things, & using a zipper Early childhood: 2-6yrs old, improvements in gross & fine motor skills, running, jumping, climbing, tumbling, & swinging. Can string beads, put puzzles together, & begin to scribble. By 4 many can print their names, dress/undress themselves, & eat with utensils Middle childhood: 6-10yrs old, gain weight & height, permanent teeth grow in. Participate in organized sports as speed & coordination skills advance, continue to refine motor skills resulting in improved handwriting & drawings. Can use fine motor skills to sew, build models, or do other crafts Adolescence: 10-18yrs old, weight/height increases rapidly, includes puberty. Girls usually begin earlier than boys. Increase in hormones affect behavior, might reject adult authority, & reach sexual maturity Ren is 3yrs old. His preschool teacher is worried about him because he can't print his name yet. The teacher's concern is justified. Ans- False In middle school classrooms, teachers can use the same activities for all students. Ans- False An 18 month old in daycare recently developed ability to roll a ball back & forth w/ an adult. A 5yr old kindergartener recently developed ability to draw a stick figure family of himself, his parents, & his sister. A 9yr old 4th grader recently developed ability to shoot baskets consistently on school playground. A 13yr old 8th grader recently began growing facial hair on upper lip. Ans- Typical physical development Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development Ans- Birth to 2yrs: sensorimotor stage (object permanence) 2-7yrs: preoperational stage (pretend play, egocentric) 7-11yrs: concrete operational stage (conservation) 12yrs & up: formal operational stage (abstract, moral reasoning) A teacher pours juice for Alice in a tall, narrow glass & for William in a short, squat glass. Although both have the same amount, Will shouts "hey, no fair! I have less than Alice!" Which of Piaget's developmental stages is William in? Ans- Preoperational Diego knows a horse is a large animal w/ 4 legs, a tail, & body hair. When he sees a cow for the first time he calls it a horse. The word horse fits Diego's Schema for the characteristics of a cow. Ans- True Schema Ans- Basic building blocks of cognitive models, enabling us to form a mental representation of the world Assimilation (Piaget) Ans- The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding. Overall believesbeliefs and understanding of the world do not change as a result of the new information Accommodation (Piaget) Ans- The cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated. This happens when the existing schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation Equilibration (Piaget) Ans- Occurs when a child schemas can deal with new information through assimilation. However, an unpleasant state of disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas Which statement accurately summarizes Vygotsky's thinking on cognitive development? Ans- Much learning occurs via social interaction As May sits at a table alone drawing a picture of a house, she says aloud, "first I will draw a square. Now I will add the roof. I will put a chimney on top. Then I will put in some windows." May is engaging in social speech. Ans- False Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory Ans- the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) Ans- the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone What is the zone of proximal development? Ans- The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning Identify whether the concept given describes an idea that was taught by Piaget or Vygotsky Ans- Piaget: Little emphasis on the socio-cultural context of learning, believed that learning occurs individually Vygotsky: no general stages of development, established opportunities for learners to interact with more skilled individuals, and emphasized the major role for language and cognitive development Vygotsky emphasizes the role of culture on development far more than Piaget does Ans- True A classroom that emphasizes a student social interaction with a more skilled partner is based on the ideas proposed by Piaget Ans- False A teacher shows a five year old student how to draw a tree, demonstrating the task for the student and giving the student examples Ans- Vygotsky An eight year old student uses plastic coins while learning how to add and subtract with money AnsPiaget Trust versus mistrust (Erikson) Ans- Birth to 12 months old, infants must learned that adults can be trusted. They are dependent on caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to the infants needs to help their baby develop a sense of trust. The baby will see the world as a safe predictable place. Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their babies needs can engender feelings of anxiety fear and mistrust, their baby may see the world as unpredictable. If infants are treated cruelly or their meals are not met, they will likely grow up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (erikson) Ans- 1 to 3 years old, begin to explore the world, learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results. Begin to show clear preference for certain elements of the environment such as food, toys, and clothing. Begin to establish independence, for example, a two-year-old Who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. If denied the opportunity to do so, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low selfesteem and feelings of shame. Initiative versus guilt (erikson) Ans- 3 to 6 years old, capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. Must resolve the task of initiative versus guilt by learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others. Those who are unsuccessful at the stage with their in initiative misfiring or suffered by over controlling parents may develop feelings of guilt Industry versus inferiority (erikson) Ans- From 6 to 12 years old, children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, etc., or feel inferior and in adequate beca