WGU Pathophysiology

WGU Pathophysiology Which types of tissue most often develop tumors? Ans- Epithelial and connective tissues What are the following benign tumors? Ans- Papilloma - A wart Lipoma - begins in the fatty tissue Myoma - Fibroid Chondroma - Tumor of cartilage cells What are sarcomas? Ans- They are tumors that can be found anywhere and begin in connective tissue What are the early signs of lymphoma Ans- Fevers and night sweats What is radiation therapy Ans- When seeds are implanted into a malignant prostate and then irradiated, this is called radiation therapy. This is used to reduce damage to healthy tissue Name what is a vesicle, pustule, macule, papule, excoriation Ans- Vesicle - Small fluid filled elevation of skin (e.g. blister) Pustule - (elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris) Macule - A spot that is not raised or depressed. (such as a freckle) Papule - A firm raised area of the skin (such as a pimple) Excoriation (scratch in the skin) Define the following: Laceration Fissure Ulcer Superficial burn Superficial partial thickness burn Ans- Laceration - Rough jagged wound Fissue - Crack in the skin Ulcer - Store with disintegration and death of affected tissue Superficial burn involves the epidermal layer of the skin Superficial partial thickness burn appears with blisters and pain at the burn site What are shingles and how are they treated Ans- Shingles are painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. The normal treatment is antiviral medications and costicosteroids to decrease pain. What is Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin Ans- superficial. What are two signs of allergic skin reactions Ans- Pruritus (itching) and urticarial (hives) What are three autoimmune diseases involving the skin? Ans- Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus are all autoimmuse diseases involving the skin. Damage to what can disturb equilibrium? Ans- Semicircular canals in the ear How can otitis media be prevented? Ans- By placing a myingotomy tube in the ear What results in progressive hearing loss? Ans- Presbycusis What can alleviate age-related hearing loss? Ans- Speaking in clear, low-pitched tones What are treatment of joint disorders Ans- FALK (fixation of screws, arthrocentesis, laproscopic repairs, kyoplasty) What are the different types of arthritis Ans- (GROS) Gout - higher levels of uric acid form crystals that accumulate in the joints, causing pain and inflammation. • Septic arthritis - may result from an invasive procedure; invading organisms are usually carried to the joint by the blood stream. • Osteoarthritis - most often in weight-bearing joints, like hips and knees; may be the results of aging and repeated trauma. • Rheumatoid arthritis - inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causes severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless. What is mysathenia gravis? Ans- chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction. How is GERD treated? Ans- Antacids and using medication that decreases the production of HCL What characterizes chronic pancreatitis Ans- Severe pain and blood test shows elevated serum amylase. Pancreatitis impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances How do you test for viral hepatitis Ans- Testing blood serology What is required for blood clotting? Ans- Vitamin K What type of reaction would arise if a RH negative patient experiences a second exposure to RH positive blood? Ans- An Antigen-antibody reaction could arise if a Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood What are blood diseases Ans- (HALT) Hemophilia (bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor), Aplastic anemia (bone mare failure decreased red cell production), Leukemia (increase in WBC), Thalassemia (hereditary disorders causing impaired hemglobin synthesis) What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension? Ans- • Diet modification • Prescribed diuretics • Exercise on a regular basis What does H. pylori cause? Ans- Gastrointestinal disorder called peptic ulcer What is shock Ans- Confusion, anxiety, hypertension What is atrophy Ans- Decrease in the size of a muscle due to disuese What are strains vs sprains Ans- Strains pain and stiffness by overuse Sprains pain and swelling by tearing of ligaments What is muscular dystrophy Ans- Deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function What are strong, painful muscle contractions Ans- cramps How do you describe shoulder joint dislocation Ans- Acuetly painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the arm being longer than the mate What might cause abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin? Ans- Inflammation of the gallbladder Amylase, lipase for trypsin, nucleases Ans- Digests starch, digest nucleic acids, digest fats, digests protein How can hepatitis be diagnosed Ans- serology and serum chemistry are used for diagnosis What are two signs of hepatitis Ans- Jaundice and loss of appetite are two signs of hepatitis What two diseases may require blood trasnfusions Ans- Leukemia and pernicious anemia If a mothers RH is negative and fathers RH is positive then what may result Ans- RH incompatibility What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues Ans- Is an effect of anemia What inhibits coagulation of the blood Ans- Vitamin K deficiency What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around the site or location and is typically diagnosed by an ultrasound or MRI. Ans- Thrombosis or blood clots What do calcium-channel blockers do? Ans- help to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells. How are epidemics defined Ans- Epidemics are defined by age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting illnesses. What are treatments for frequent otitis media and chronic sore throat? Ans- Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system Ans- elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis What has the best survival rates for multiple myeloma Ans- Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant have the best survival rates What do self antigens trigger Ans- autoimmune hypersensitivity triggers those How are myocardial infarctions diagnosed? Ans- ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels. Increased blood flow does what Ans- Backups up into pulmonary circulation and causes shortness of breath How can Atherosclerosis be diagnosed Ans- by a lab test known as CRP. What are signs of congestive heart failure Ans- increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities. What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure and low body temperature. Anshypotension What is a cause of lower extermity edemy and elevated blood pressure Ans- Renin What are the different respiratory breathing patterns? Ans- • Kussmaul- deep rapid respirations characteristic of acidosis as seen in diabetic patients. • Hyperpnea- an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing. • Dyspnea- a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing. What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with COPD. Ans- External oxygen What can slow or reverse the progression of COPD Ans- smoking cessation What is characterized by damaged areas on the nerve conducting cells slowing the transmission of nerve impulses Ans- Multiple sclerosis What is used record a human's brain waives to diagnose neurologic diseases. Ans- EEG What is used to view pictures of tissue and bones of the brain and surrounding areas. Ans- CT Meningitis can be characterized Ans- Characterized by headache, stiff next, nausea, and vomiting. How is Renal colic treated Ans- pain analgesics What is manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness of the extremities Ans- peripheral neuropathy An accumulation of excess fluid in a patient with chronic renal failure promotes what? Anshypertension How is Parkinson's disease treated Ans- dopamine replacement therapy. What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi. Ans- Lithotripsy White blood cells in the urine is indictative of pyuria Ans- Pyuria is indiactive because of that If a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting and fatigue, the recommended treatment is Ans- Hemodialysis What can be a cause of hypertension for a patient with chronic