ABO blood group system and ABO discrepancies 2023

ABO blood group system and ABO discrepancies 2023Who opened the door to blood h Group system - correct answer Karl Landsteiner forward grouping - correct answer the use of known antisera (antibodies) to identify unknown antigens on a patient's cells; forward typing; direct grouping reverse grouping - correct answer Is defined as detecting a BEO antibodies in the patient serum by using known reagent red blood cells namely A1 a and B cells also called the back type What is chemically similar to A and B antigens - correct answer It has been postulated that bacteria Poland particles and other substance present in nature or chemically similar to a and B antigens. Bacteria or widespread in the environment which constantly expose individuals to a like and be like antigens this exposure serves as a source of stimulation of anti-A and anti-B Most common blood types and most rare - correct answer O and A most common AB rare Differences in ethnicities and population - correct answer Group B is twice as frequent in Asians and African Americans than Caucasian What antibodies are described as naturally occurring - correct answer Antibodies directed against the a or B antigens because they are produced without any exposure to red blood cells ABO antibodies are which immunoglobulin - correct answer IgM ABL antibody tighter's are generally too low for detection at Which age - correct answer 3-6 months Antibodies that are found in cord blood serum Are of what origin - correct answer Maternal origin Why can results of serum ABO testing before 3 to 6 months of age cannot be considered valid - correct answer Because some or all of the antibodies present maybe IgG maternal antibodies that have cross the placenta as a result it is logical to perform only Ford grouping on cord blood from newborn infants What is antibody production peek and decline - correct answer Antibody production peaks when an individual is between five and 10 years of age and declines later in life What happens to antibodies in elderly people - correct answer Elderly people usually have a lower level of anti-A and anti-B there for antibodies may be undetectable in the reverse grouping or the back type What can allow a prediction or diagnosis of HDFN? - correct answer No in the amount of IgG anti-a anti-B or anti-AB and a woman's serum sometimes allows prediction or diagnosis caused by ABO incompatibility What is not usually used in routine testing and why - correct answer Anti-A,B reagent because the use of monoclonal antisera have been have made anti-A anti-B reagents much more sensitive to the point or a weak A or B antigen can be routinely detected Where is the A, B or O gene - correct answer One position or locus on each chromosome O gene is considered what - correct answer Amorph has no detectable antigen is produced in response to the inheritance of this gene. therefore the group O phenotype is in autosomal recessive trait with the inheritance of 2 O genes that are non-functional What is the phenotype and genotype of an O individual considered - correct answer Both phenotype and genotype are the same OO. our individual would have to be homogenous for the O gene. The formation of ABH antigens is a result from what - correct answer Results from the interaction of jeans at three separate Loci. The genes rather produce specific glycosyltransfer recess or add sugars to a basic precursor substance . A B and H antigens are formed from the same basic precursor material called a Paragloboside or do Glycan to add sugars are attached in response to specific enzyme transfer races elicited by an inherited gene What are the three separate loci that form the interaction of genes in the ABH antigens - correct answer ABO Hh Se What is the H antigen - correct answer Precursor structure to A and B antigens Where are the H gene and Se gene linked - correct answer Closely linked on chromosome 19 Where are ABO genes located - correct answer Chromosome 9 The H gene must be inherited for what - correct answer to form ABO antigens on the RBCs Why are reactions of newborn red blood cells with ABO reagent frequently weaker than reactions with adult cells - correct answer RBCs of newborns carry 25%-50% of the number of antigen sites found on an adult RBC Expression of A and B antigens on the RBC are fully developed when - correct answer By 2-4 years old and remains constant throughout life Individuals of blood group O inherited what - correct answer At least one H gene and two O genes What is the sugar responsible for the H specificity (blood group O) - correct answer L-fucose Sugar responsible for A gene - correct answer N-acetyl-d-galactosamine